sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) NAME sudoers - list of which users may execute what DESCRIPTION The sudoers file is composed two types of entries: aliases (basically variables) and user specifications (which specify who may run what). The grammar of sudoers will be described below in Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF). Don't despair if you don't know what EBNF is, it is fairly simple and the definitions below are annotated. Quick guide to EBNF EBNF is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar of a language. Each EBNF definition is made up of production rules. Eg. symbol ::= definition | alternate1 | alternate2 ... Each production rule references others and thus makes up a grammar for the language. EBNF also contains the following operators, which many readers will recognize from regular expressions. Do not, however, confuse them with "wildcard" characters, which have different meanings. ? Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) is optional. That is, it may appear once or not at all. * Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear zero or more times. + Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear one or more times. Parentheses may be used to group symbols together. For clarity, we will use single quotes ('') to designate what is a verbatim character string (as opposed to a symbol name). Aliases There are four kinds of aliases: the User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias and Cmnd_Alias. Alias ::= 'User_Alias' = User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* | 'Runas_Alias' = Runas_Alias (':' Runas_Alias)* | 'Host_Alias' = Host_Alias (':' Host_Alias)* | 'Cmnd_Alias' = Cmnd_Alias (':' Cmnd_Alias)* User_Alias ::= NAME '=' User_List Runas_Alias ::= NAME '=' Runas_User_List 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 1 sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) Host_Alias ::= NAME '=' Host_List Cmnd_Alias ::= NAME '=' Cmnd_List NAME ::= [A-Z]([A-Z][0-9]_)* Each alias definition is of the form Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, ... where Alias_Type is one of User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias, or Cmnd_Alias. A NAME is a string of upper case letters, numbers, and the underscore characters ('_'). A NAME must start with an upper case letter. It is possible to put several alias definitions of the same type on a single line, joined by a semicolon (':'). Eg. Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, item3 : NAME = item4, item5 The definitions of what constitutes a valid alias member follow. User_List ::= User | User ',' User_List User ::= '!'* username | '!'* '#'uid | '!'* '%'group | '!'* '+'netgroup | '!'* User_Alias A User_List is made up of one or more usernames, uids (prefixed with '#'), System groups (prefixed with '%'), netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other aliases. Each list item may be prefixed with one or more '!' operators. An odd number of '!' operators negates the value of the item; an even number just cancel each other out. Runas_List ::= Runas_User | Runas_User ',' Runas_List Runas_User ::= '!'* username | '!'* '#'uid | '!'* '%'group | '!'* +netgroup | '!'* Runas_Alias Likewise, a Runas_List has the same possible elements as a User_List, except that it can include a Runas_Alias, instead of a User_Alias. Host_List ::= Host | Host ',' Host_List 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 2 sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) Host ::= '!'* hostname | '!'* ip_addr | '!'* network(/netmask)? | '!'* '+'netgroup | '!'* Host_Alias A Host_List is made up of one or more hostnames, IP addresses, network numbers, netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other aliases. Again, the value of an item may be negated with the '!' operator. If you do not specify a netmask with a network number, the netmask of the host's ethernet interface(s) will be used when matching. The netmask may be specified either in dotted quad notation (eg. 255.255.255.0) or CIDR notation (number of bits, eg. 24). A hostname may include shell-style wildcards (see `Wildcards' section below), but unless the hostname command on your machine returns the fully qualified hostname, you'll need to use the fqdn option for wildcards to be useful. Cmnd_List ::= Cmnd | Cmnd ',' Cmnd_List commandname ::= filename | filename args | filename '""' Cmnd ::= '!'* commandname | '!'* directory | '!'* Cmnd_Alias A Cmnd_List is a list of one or more commandnames, directories, and other aliases. A commandname is a fully qualified filename which may include shell-style wildcards (see `Wildcards' section below). A simple filename allows the user to run the command with any arguments he/she wishes. However, you may also command line arguments (including wildcards). Alternately, you can specify "" to indicate that the command may only be run without command line arguments. A directory is a fully qualified pathname ending in a '/'. When you specify a directory in a Cmnd_List, the user will be able to run any file within that directory (but not in any subdirectories therein). If a Cmnd has associated command line arguments, then the arguments in the Cmnd must match exactly those given by the user on the command line (or match the wildcards if there are any). Note that the following characters must be escaped with a '\' if they are used in command arguments: ',', ':', '=', '\'. 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 3 sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) Defaults Certain configuration options may be changed from their default values at runtime via one or more Default_Entry lines. These may affect all users on any host, all users on a specific host, or just a specific user. When multiple entries match, they are applied in order. Where there are conflicting values, the last value on a matching line takes effect. Default_Type ::= 'Defaults' || 'Defaults' ':' User || 'Defaults' '@' Host Default_Entry ::= Default_Type Parameter_List Parameter ::= Parameter '=' Value || '!'* Parameter || Parameters may be flags, integer values, or strings. Flags are implicitly boolean and can be turned off via the '!' operator. Some integer and string parameters may also be used in a boolean context to disable them. Values may be enclosed in double quotes (") when they contain multiple words. Special characters may be escaped with a backslash (\). Flags: long_otp_prompt When validating with a One Time Password scheme (S/Key or OPIE), a two-line prompt is used to make it easier to cut and paste the challenge to a local window. It's not as pretty as the default but some people find it more convenient. This flag is off by default. ignore_dot If set, sudo will ignore '.' or '' (current dir) in $PATH; the $PATH itself is not modified. This flag is off by default. mail_always Send mail to the mailto user every time a users runs sudo. This flag is off by default. mail_no_user If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the invoking user is not in the sudoers file. This flag is on by default. mail_no_host If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the invoking user exists in the sudoers file, but is not allowed to run commands on the current host. This flag is off by 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 4 sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) default. mail_no_perms If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the invoking user allowed to use sudo but the command they are trying is not listed in their sudoers file entry. This flag is off by default. tty_tickets If set, users must authenticate on a per-tty basis. Normally, sudo uses a directory in the ticket dir with the same name as the user running it. With this flag enabled, sudo will use a file named for the tty the user is logged in on in that directory. This flag is off by default. lecture If set, a user will receive a short lecture the first time he/she runs sudo. This flag is on by default. authenticate If set, users must authenticate themselves via a password (or other means of authentication) before they may run commands. This default may be overridden via the PASSWD and NOPASSWD tags. This flag is on by default. root_sudo If set, root is allowed to run sudo too. Disabling this prevents users from "chaining" sudo commands to get a root shell by doing something like "sudo sudo /bin/sh". This flag is on by default. log_host If set, the hostname will be logged in the (non-syslog) sudo log file. This flag is off by default. log_year If set, the four-digit year will be logged in the (non-syslog) sudo log file. This flag is off by default. shell_noargs If set and sudo is invoked with no arguments it acts as if the -s flag had been given. That is, it runs a shell as root (the shell is determined by the SHELL environment variable if it is set, falling back on the shell listed in the invoking user's /etc/passwd entry if not). This flag is off by default. set_home If set and sudo is invoked with the -s flag the HOME environment variable will be set to the home directory of the target user (which 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 5 sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) is root unless the -u option is used). This effectively makes the -s flag imply -H. This flag is off by default. path_info Normally, sudo will tell the user when a command could not be found in their $PATH. Some sites may wish to disable this as it could be used to gather information on the location of executables that the normal user does not have access to. The disadvantage is that if the executable is simply not in the user's $PATH, sudo will tell the user that they are not allowed to run it, which can be confusing. This flag is off by default. fqdn Set this flag if you want to put fully qualified hostnames in the sudoers file. Ie: instead of myhost you would use myhost.mydomain.edu. You may still use the short form if you wish (and even mix the two). Beware that turning on fqdn requires sudo to make DNS lookups which may make sudo unusable if DNS stops working (for example if the machine is not plugged into the network). Also note that you must use the host's official name as DNS knows it. That is, you may not use a host alias (CNAME entry) due to performance issues and the fact that there is no way to get all aliases from DNS. If your machine's hostname (as returned by the hostname command) is already fully qualified you shouldn't need to set fqfn. This flag is off by default. insults If set, sudo will insult users when they enter an incorrect password. This flag is off by default. requiretty If set, sudo will only run when the user is logged in to a real tty. This will disallow things like "rsh somehost sudo ls" since rsh(1) does not allocate a tty. Because it is not possible to turn of echo when there is no tty present, some sites may with to set this flag to prevent a user from entering a visible password. This flag is off by default. env_editor If set, visudo will use the value of the EDITOR or VISUAL environment falling back on the default editor. Note that this may create a security hole as most editors allow a user to get a shell (which would be a root shell and not be logged). 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 6 sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) rootpw If set, sudo will prompt for the root password instead of the password of the invoking user. runaspw If set, sudo will prompt for the password of the user defined by the runas_default option (defaults to root) instead of the password of the invoking user. targetpw If set, sudo will prompt for the password of the user specified by the -u flag (defaults to root) instead of the password of the invoking user. set_logname Normally, sudo will set the LOGNAME and USER environment variables to the name of the target user (usually root unless the -u flag is given). However, since some programs (including the RCS revision control system) use LOGNAME to determine the real identity of the user, it may be desirable to change this behavior. This can be done by negating the set_logname option. use_loginclass If set, sudo will apply the defaults specified for the target user's login class if one exists. Only available if sudo is configured with the --with-logincap option. Integers: passwd_tries The number of tries a user gets to enter his/her password before sudo logs the failure and exits. The default is 3. Integers that can be used in a boolean context: loglinelen Number of characters per line for the file log. This value is used to decide when to wrap lines for nicer log files. This has no effect on the syslog log file, only the file log. The default is 80 (use 0 or negate to disable word wrap). timestamp_timeout Number of minutes that can elapse before sudo will ask for a passwd again. The default is 5, set this to 0 to always prompt for a password. passwd_timeout Number of minutes before the sudo password prompt times out. The default is 5, set this 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 7 sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) to 0 for no password timeout. umask Umask to use when running the root command. Set this to 0777 to not override the user's umask. The default is 0022. Strings: mailsub Subject of the mail sent to the mailto user. The escape %h will expand to the hostname of the machine. Default is "*** SECURITY information for %h ***". badpass_message Message that is displayed if a user enters an incorrect password. The default is "Sorry, try again." unless insults are enabled. timestampdir The directory in which sudo stores its timestamp files. The default is @TIMEDIR@. passprompt The default prompt to use when asking for a password; can be overridden via the -p option or the SUDO_PROMPT environment variable. Supports two escapes: "%u" expands to the user's login name and "%h" expands to the local hostname. The default value is "Password:". runas_default The default user to run commands as if the -u flag is not specified on the command line. This defaults to "root". syslog_goodpri Syslog priority to use when user authenticates successfully. Defaults to "notice". syslog_badpri Syslog priority to use when user authenticates unsuccessfully. Defaults to "alert". editor Path to the editor to be used by visudo. The default is the path to vi on your system. Strings that can be used in a boolean context: logfile Path to the sudo log file (not the syslog log file). Setting a path turns on logging to a file, negating this option turns it off. syslog Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging (negate to disable syslog logging). 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 8 sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) Defaults to "local2". mailerpath Path to mail program used to send warning mail. Defaults to the path to sendmail found at configure time. mailerflags Flags to use when invoking mailer. Defaults to -t. mailto Address to send warning and erorr mail to. Defaults to "root". exempt_group Users in this group are exempt from password and PATH requirements. This is not set by default. secure_path Path used for every command run from sudo. If you don't trust the people running sudo to have a sane PATH environment variable you may want to use this. Another use is if you want to have the "root path" be separate from the "user path." This is not set by default. verifypw This option controls when a password will be required when a user runs sudo with the -v. It has the following possible values: all All the user's I<sudoers> entries for the current host must have the C<NOPASSWD> flag set to avoid entering a password. any At least one of the user's I<sudoers> entries for the current host must have the C<NOPASSWD> flag set to avoid entering a password. never The user need never enter a password to use the B<-v> flag. always The user must always enter a password to use the B<-v> flag. The default value is `all'. listpw This option controls when a password will be required when a user runs sudo with the -l. It has the following possible values: all All the user's I<sudoers> entries for the current host must have the C<NOPASSWD> flag set to avoid entering a password. 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 9 sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) any At least one of the user's I<sudoers> entries for the current host must have the C<NOPASSWD> flag set to avoid entering a password. never The user need never enter a password to use the B<-l> flag. always The user must always enter a password to use the B<-l> flag. The default value is `any'. When logging via syslog(3), sudo accepts the following values for the syslog facility (the value of the syslog Parameter): authpriv (if your OS supports it), auth, daemon, user, local0, local1, local2, local3, local4, local5, local6, and local7. The following syslog priorities are supported: alert, crit, debug, emerg, err, info, notice, and warning. User Specification User_Spec ::= User_list Host_List '=' User_List Cmnd_Spec_List \ (':' User_Spec)* Cmnd_Spec_List ::= Cmnd_Spec | Cmnd_Spec ',' Cmnd_Spec_List Cmnd_Spec ::= Runas_Spec? ('NOPASSWD:' | 'PASSWD:')? Cmnd Runas_Spec ::= '(' Runas_List ')' A user specification determines which commands a user may run (and as what user) on specified hosts. By default, commands are run as root but this can be changed on a per- command basis. Let's break that down into its constituent parts: Runas__Spec A Runas_Spec is simply a Runas_List (as defined above) enclosed in a set of parentheses. If you do not specify a Runas_Spec in the user specification, a default Runas_Spec of root will be used. A Runas_Spec sets the default for commands that follow it. What this means is that for the entry: dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/who The user dgb may run /bin/ls, /bin/kill, and /usr/bin/lprm -- but only as operator. Eg. 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 10 sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) sudo -u operator /bin/ls. It is also possible to override a Runas_Spec later on in an entry. If we modify the entry like so: dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm Then user dgb is now allowed to run /bin/ls as operator, but /bin/kill and /usr/bin/lprm as root. NOPASSWD and PASSWD By default, sudo requires that a user authenticate him or herself before running a command. This behavior can be modified via the NOPASSWD tag. Like a Runas_Spec, the NOPASSWD tag sets a default for the commands that follow it in the Cmnd_Spec_List. Conversely, the PASSWD tag can be used to reverse things. For example: ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm would allow the user ray to run /bin/kill, /bin/ls, and /usr/bin/lprm as root on the machine rushmore as root without authenticating himself. If we only want ray to be able to run /bin/kill without a password the entry would be: ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm Note however, that the PASSWD tag has no effect on users who are in the group specified by the exempt_group option. By default, if the NOPASSWD tag is applied to any of the entries for a user on the current host, he or she will be able to run sudo -l without a password. Additionally, a user may only run sudo -v without a password if the NOPASSWD tag is present for all a user's entries that pertain to the current host. This behavior may be overridden via the verifypw and listpw options. Wildcards (aka meta characters): sudo allows shell-style wildcards to be used in pathnames as well as command line arguments in the sudoers file. Wildcard matching is done via the POSIX fnmatch(3) routine. Note that these are not regular expressions. * Matches any set of zero or more characters. ? Matches any single character. [...] Matches any character in the specified range. 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 11 sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) [!...] Matches any character not in the specified range. \x For any character "x", evaluates to "x". This is used to escape special characters such as: "*", "?", "[", and "}". Note that a forward slash ('/') will not be matched by wildcards used in the pathname. When matching the command line arguments, however, as slash does get matched by wildcards. This is to make a path like: /usr/bin/* match /usr/bin/who but not /usr/bin/X11/xterm. Exceptions to wildcard rules: The following exceptions apply to the above rules: "" If the empty string "" is the only command line argument in the sudoers entry it means that command is not allowed to be run with any arguments. Other special characters and reserved words: The pound sign ('#') is used to indicate a comment (unless it occurs in the context of a user name and is followed by one or more digits, in which case it is treated as a uid). Both the comment character and any text after it, up to the end of the line, are ignored. The reserved word ALL is a built in alias that always causes a match to succeed. It can be used wherever one might otherwise use a Cmnd_Alias, User_Alias, Runas_Alias, or Host_Alias. You should not try to define your own alias called ALL as the built in alias will be used in preference to your own. Please note that using ALL can be dangerous since in a command context, it allows the user to run any command on the system. An exclamation point ('!') can be used as a logical not operator both in an alias and in front of a Cmnd. This allows one to exclude certain values. Note, however, that using a ! in conjunction with the built in ALL alias to allow a user to run "all but a few" commands rarely works as intended (see SECURITY NOTES below). Long lines can be continued with a backslash ('\') as the last character on the line. Whitespace between elements in a list as well as specicial syntactic characters in a User Specification ('=', ':', '(', ')') is optional. 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 12 sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) The following characters must be escaped with a backslash ('\') when used as part of a word (eg. a username or hostname): '@', '!', '=', ':', ',', '(', ')', '\'. EXAMPLES Below are example sudoers entries. Admittedly, some of these are a bit contrived. First, we define our aliases: # User alias specification User_Alias FULLTIMERS = millert, mikef, dowdy User_Alias PARTTIMERS = bostley, jwfox, crawl User_Alias WEBMASTERS = will, wendy, wim # Runas alias specification Runas_Alias OP = root, operator Runas_Alias DB = oracle, sybase # Host alias specification Host_Alias SPARC = bigtime, eclipse, moet, anchor :\ SGI = grolsch, dandelion, black :\ ALPHA = widget, thalamus, foobar :\ HPPA = boa, nag, python Host_Alias CUNETS = 128.138.0.0/255.255.0.0 Host_Alias CSNETS = 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0/24, 128.138.242.0 Host_Alias SERVERS = master, mail, www, ns Host_Alias CDROM = orion, perseus, hercules # Cmnd alias specification Cmnd_Alias DUMPS = /usr/bin/mt, /usr/sbin/dump, /usr/sbin/rdump,\ /usr/sbin/restore, /usr/sbin/rrestore Cmnd_Alias KILL = /usr/bin/kill Cmnd_Alias PRINTING = /usr/sbin/lpc, /usr/bin/lprm Cmnd_Alias SHUTDOWN = /usr/sbin/shutdown Cmnd_Alias HALT = /usr/sbin/halt, /usr/sbin/fasthalt Cmnd_Alias REBOOT = /usr/sbin/reboot, /usr/sbin/fastboot Cmnd_Alias SHELLS = /usr/bin/sh, /usr/bin/csh, /usr/bin/ksh, \ /usr/local/bin/tcsh, /usr/bin/rsh, \ /usr/local/bin/zsh Cmnd_Alias SU = /usr/bin/su Here we override some of the compiled in default values. We want sudo to log via syslog(3) using the auth facility in all cases. We don't want to subject the full time staff to the sudo lecture, and user millert need not give a password. In addition, on the machines in the SERVERS Host_Alias, we keep an additional local log file and make sure we log the year in each log line since the log entries will be kept around for several years. # Override builtin defaults Defaults syslog=auth Defaults:FULLTIMERS !lecture Defaults:millert !authenticate Defaults@SERVERS log_year, logfile=/var/log/sudo.log 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 13 sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) The User specification is the part that actually determines who may run what. root ALL = (ALL) ALL %wheel ALL = (ALL) ALL We let root and any user in group wheel run any command on any host as any user. FULLTIMERS ALL = NOPASSWD: ALL Full time sysadmins (millert, mikef, and dowdy) may run any command on any host without authenticating themselves. PARTTIMERS ALL = ALL Part time sysadmins (bostley, jwfox, and crawl) may run any command on any host but they must authenticate themselves first (since the entry lacks the NOPASSWD tag). jack CSNETS = ALL The user jack may run any command on the machines in the CSNETS alias (the networks 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0, and 128.138.242.0). Of those networks, only <128.138.204.0> has an explicit netmask (in CIDR notation) indicating it is a class C network. For the other networks in CSNETS, the local machine's netmask will be used during matching. lisa CUNETS = ALL The user lisa may run any command on any host in the CUNETS alias (the class B network 128.138.0.0). operator ALL = DUMPS, KILL, PRINTING, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT,\ /usr/oper/bin/ The operator user may run commands limited to simple maintenance. Here, those are commands related to backups, killing processes, the printing system, shutting down the system, and any commands in the directory /usr/oper/bin/. joe ALL = /usr/bin/su operator The user joe may only su(1) to operator. pete HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root The user pete is allowed to change anyone's password except for root on the HPPA machines. Note that this assumes passwd(1) does not take multiple usernames on the command line. 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 14 sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) bob SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL The user bob may run anything on the SPARC and SGI machines as any user listed in the OP Runas_Alias (root and operator). jim +biglab = ALL The user jim may run any command on machines in the biglab netgroup. Sudo knows that "biglab" is a netgroup due to the '+' prefix. +secretaries ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser Users in the secretaries netgroup need to help manage the printers as well as add and remove users, so they are allowed to run those commands on all machines. fred ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL The user fred can run commands as any user in the DB Runas_Alias (oracle or sybase) without giving a password. john ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root* On the ALPHA machines, user john may su to anyone except root but he is not allowed to give su(1) any flags. jen ALL, !SERVERS = ALL The user jen may run any command on any machine except for those in the SERVERS Host_Alias (master, mail, www and ns). jill SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS For any machine in the SERVERS Host_Alias, jill may run any commands in the directory /usr/bin/ except for those commands belonging to the SU and SHELLS Cmnd_Aliases. steve CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/ The user steve may run any command in the directory /usr/local/op_commands/ but only as user operator. matt valkyrie = KILL On his personal workstation, valkyrie, matt needs to be able to kill hung processes. WEBMASTERS www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www On the host www, any user in the WEBMASTERS User_Alias (will, wendy, and wim), may run any command as user www 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 15 sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) (which owns the web pages) or simply su(1) to www. ALL CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,\ /sbin/mount -o nosuid\,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM Any user may mount or unmount a CD-ROM on the machines in the CDROM Host_Alias (orion, perseus, hercules) without entering a password. This is a bit tedious for users to type, so it is a prime candiate for encapsulating in a shell script. SECURITY NOTES It is generally not effective to "subtract" commands from ALL using the '!' operator. A user can trivially circumvent this by copying the desired command to a different name and then executing that. For example: bill ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS Doesn't really prevent bill from running the commands listed in SU or SHELLS since he can simply copy those commands to a different name, or use a shell escape from an editor or other program. Therefore, these kind of restrictions should be considered advisory at best (and reinforced by policy). CAVEATS The sudoers file should always be edited by the visudo command which locks the file and does grammatical checking. It is imperative that sudoers be free of syntax errors since sudo will not run with a syntactically incorrect sudoers file. When using netgroups of machines (as opposed to users), if you store fully qualified hostnames in the netgroup (as is usually the case), you either need to have the machine's hostname be fully qualified as returned by the hostname command or use the fqdn option in sudoers. FILES /etc/sudoers List of who can run what /etc/group Local groups file /etc/netgroup List of network groups SEE ALSO sudo(1m), visudo(1m), su(1), fnmatch(3). 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 16 sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4) 26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 17