<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><title>Chapter 4. Secure Office Networking</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="samba.css" type="text/css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.64.1"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Samba-3 by Example"><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="Samba-3 by Example"><link rel="previous" href="small.html" title="Chapter 3. Small Office Networking"><link rel="next" href="Big500users.html" title="Chapter 5. The 500-User Office"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 4. Secure Office Networking</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="small.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="Big500users.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="secure"></a>Chapter 4. Secure Office Networking</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="secure.html#id2518554">Introduction</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="secure.html#id2518606">Assignment Tasks</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="secure.html#id2518860">Dissection and Discussion</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="secure.html#id2445162">Technical Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="secure.html#id2519609">Political Issues</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="secure.html#id2519651">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="secure.html#ch4bsc">Basic System Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="secure.html#id2520618">Samba Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="secure.html#ch4dhcpdns">Configuration of DHCP and DNS Servers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="secure.html#ch4ptrcfg">Printer Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="secure.html#procstart">Process Startup Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="secure.html#ch4valid">Validation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="secure.html#ch4appscfg">Application Share Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="secure.html#ch4wincfg">Windows Client Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="secure.html#id2525395">Key Points Learned</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="secure.html#id2525457">Questions and Answers</a></span></dt></dl></div><p> Congratulations, your Samba networking skills are developing nicely. You started out with three simple networks in Chapter 2, and then in Chapter 3 you designed and built a network that provides a high degree of flexibility, integrity, and dependability. It was enough for the basic needs each was designed to fulfill. In this chapter you address a more complex set of needs. The solution you explore is designed to introduce you to basic features that are specific to Samba-3. </p><p> You should note that a working and secure solution could be implemented using Samba-2.2.x. In the exercises presented here, you are gradually using more Samba-3 specific features so caution is advised for anyone who tries to use Samba-2.2.x with the guidance here given. To avoid confusion, this book is all about Samba-3. Let's get the exercises in this chapter under way. </p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2518554"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p> You have made Mr. Meany a very happy man. Recently he paid you a fat bonus for work well done. It is one year since the last network upgrade. You have been quite busy. Two months ago Mr. Meany gave approval to hire Christine Roberson who has taken over general network management. Soon she will provide primary user support. You have demonstrated you can delegate responsibility, and plan and execute to that plan. Above all, you have shown Mr. Meany that you are a responsible person. Today is a big day. Mr. Meany called you to his office at 9 a.m. for news you never expected. You are Mr. Bob Jordan and will take charge of business operations. Mr. Meany is retiring and has entrusted the business to your capable hands. </p><p> Mr. Meany may be retiring from this company, but not from work. He is taking the opportunity to develop Abmas Inc. into a larger and more substantial company. He says that it took him many years to wake up to the fact that there is no future in just running a business. He now realizes there is great personal reward and satisfaction in creation of career opportunities for people in the local community. He wants to do more for others as he is doing for you, Bob Jordan. Today he spent a lot of time talking about the grand plan. He has plans for growth that you will deal with in the chapters ahead. </p><p> Over the past year, the growth projections were exceeded. The network has grown to meet the needs of 130 users. Along with growth, the demand for improved services and better functionality has also developed. You are about to make an interim improvement and then hand over all Help desk and network maintenance to Christine. Christine has professional certifications in Microsoft Windows as well as in Linux; she is a hard worker and quite likable. Christine does not want to manage the department (although she manages well). She gains job satisfaction when left to sort things out. Occasionally she wants to work with you on a challenging problem. When you told her about your move, she almost resigned, although she was reassured that a new manager would be hired to run Information Technology and she would be responsible only for operations. </p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2518606"></a>Assignment Tasks</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p> You promised the staff Internet services including web browsing, electronic mail, virus protection, and a company Web site. Christine is keen to help turn the vision into reality. Let's see how close you can get to the promises made. </p><p> The network you are about to deliver will service 130 users today. Within 12 months, Abmas will aquire another company. Mr. Meany claims that within two years there will be well over 500 users on the network. You have bought into the big picture, so prepare for growth. </p><p> You have purchased a new server, will implement a new network infrastructure, and reward all staff with a new computer. Notebook computers will not be replaced at this time. </p><p> You have decided to not recycle old network components. The only items that will be carried forward are notebook computers. You offered staff new notebooks, but not one person wanted the disruption for what was perceived as a marginal update. You have made the decision to give everyone a new desktop computer, even to those who have a notebook computer. </p><p> You have procured a DSL Internet connection that provides 1.5 Megabit/sec (bidirectional) and a 10 MBit/sec ethernet port. You have registered the domain <tt class="constant">abmas.us</tt>, and the Internet Service Provider (ISP) is supplying secondary DNS. Information furnished by your ISP is shown in <a href="secure.html#chap4netid" title="Table 4.1. Abmas.US ISP Information">???</a>. </p><p> It is of paramount priority that under no circumstances will Samba offer service access from an Internet connection. You are paying an ISP to give, as part of their value-added services, full firewall protection for your connection to the outside world. The only services allowed in from the Internet side are the following destination ports: <tt class="constant">http/https (ports 80 and 443), email (port 25), DNS (port 53)</tt>. All Internet traffic will be allowed out after network address translation (NAT). No internal IP addresses are permitted through the NAT filter as complete privacy of internal network operations must be assured. </p><div class="table"><a name="chap4netid"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 4.1. Abmas.US ISP Information</b></p><table summary="Abmas.US ISP Information" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="center"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Parameter</th><th align="center">Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Server IP Address</td><td align="center">123.45.67.66</td></tr><tr><td align="left">DSL Device IP Address</td><td align="center">123.45.67.65</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Network Address</td><td align="center">123.45.67.64/30</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Gateway Address</td><td align="center">123.45.54.65</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Primary DNS Server</td><td align="center">123.45.54.65</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Secondary DNS Server</td><td align="center">123.45.54.32</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Forwarding DNS Server</td><td align="center">123.45.12.23</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="figure"><a name="ch04net"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 4.1. Abmas Network Topology 130 Users</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="images/chap4-net.png" width="324" alt="Abmas Network Topology 130 Users"></div></div><p> Christine has recommended that desktop systems should be installed from a single cloned master system that has a minimum of locally installed software and loads all software off a central application server. The benefit of having the central application server is that it allows single point maintenance of all business applications, something Christine is keen to pursue. She further recommended installation of anti-virus software on workstations as well as on the Samba server. Christine is paranoid of potential virus infection and insists on a comprehensive approach to detective as well as corrective action to protect network operations. </p><p> A significant concern is the problem of managing company growth. Recently, a number of users had to share a PC while waiting for new machines to arrive. This presented some problems with desktop computers and software installation into the new users' desktop profile. </p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2518860"></a>Dissection and Discussion</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p> Many of the conclusions you draw here are obvious. Some requirements are not very clear or may simply be your means of drawing the most out of Samba-3. Much can be done more simply than you will demonstrate here, but keep in mind that the network must scale to at least 500 users. This means that some functionality will be over-designed for the current 130 user environment. </p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2445162"></a>Technical Issues</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p> In this exercise we are using a 24-bit subnet mask for the two local networks. This, of course, limits our network to a maximum of 253 usable IP addresses. The network address range chosen is one of the ranges assigned by RFC1918 for private networks. When the number of users on the network begins to approach the limit of usable addresses, it would be a good idea to switch to a network address specified in RFC1918 in the 172.16.0.0/16 range. This is done in the following chapters. </p><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2445182"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2445188"></a> The high growth rates projected are a good reason to use the <tt class="constant">tdbsam</tt> passdb backend. The use of <tt class="constant">smbpasswd</tt> for the backend may result in performance problems. The <tt class="constant">tdbsam</tt> passdb backend offers features that are not available with the older flat ASCII-based <tt class="constant">smbpasswd</tt> database. </p><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2445217"></a> The proposed network design uses a single server to act as an Internet services host for electronic mail, Web serving, remote administrative access vis SSH, as well as for Samba-based file and print services. This design is often chosen by sites that feel they cannot afford or justify the cost or overhead of having separate servers. It must be realized that if security of this type of server should ever be violated (compromised), the whole network and all data is at risk. Many sites continue to choose this type of solution; therefore, this chapter provides detailed coverage of key implementation aspects. </p><p> Samba will be configured to specifically not operate on the ethernet interface that is directly connected to the Internet. </p><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2445243"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2445250"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2445257"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2445266"></a> You know that your ISP is providing full firewall services, but you cannot rely on that. Always assume that human error will occur, so be prepared by using Linux firewall facilities based on <span><b class="command">iptables</b></span> to effect Network Address Translation (NAT). Block all incoming traffic except to permitted well-known ports. You must also allow incoming packets to established outgoing connections. You will permit all internal outgoing requests. </p><p> The configuration of Web serving, Web proxy services, electronic mail, and the details of generic anti-virus handling are beyond the scope of this book and therefore are not covered, except insofar as this affects Samba-3. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2445298"></a> Notebook computers are configured to use a network login when in the office and a local account to login while away from the office. Users store all work done in transit (away from the office) by using a local share for work files. Standard procedures will dictate that on completion of the work that necessitates mobile file access, all work files are moved back to secure storage on the office server. Staff is instructed to not carry on any company notebook computer any files that are not absolutely required. This is a preventative measure to protect client information as well as business private records. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2445319"></a> All applications are served from the central server from a share called <tt class="constant">apps</tt>. Microsoft Office XP Professional and OpenOffice 1.1.0 will be installed using a network (or administrative) installation. Accounting and financial management software can also be run only from the central application server. Notebook users are provided with locally installed applications on a need-to-have basis only. </p><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2445342"></a> The introduction of roaming profiles support means that users can move between desktop computer systems without constraint while retaining full access to their data. The desktop travels with them as they move. </p><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2445356"></a> The DNS server implementation must now address both internal needs as well as external needs. You forward DNS lookups to your ISP provided server as well as the <tt class="constant">abmas.us</tt> external secondary DNS server. </p><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2445373"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2445380"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2445388"></a> Compared with the DHCP server configuration in <a href="small.html#dhcp01" title="Example 3.2. Abmas Accounting DHCP Server Configuration File /etc/dhcpd.conf">???</a>, the configuration used in this example has to deal with the presence of an Internet connection. The scope set for it ensures that no DHCP services will be offered on the external connection. All printers are configured as DHCP clients, so that the DHCP server assigns the printer a fixed IP address by way of the ethernet interface (MAC) address. One additional feature of this DHCP server configuration file is the inclusion of parameters to allow dynamic DNS (DDNS) operation. </p><p> This is the first implementation that depends on a correctly functioning DNS server. Comprehensive steps are included to provide for a fully functioning DNS server that also is enabled for dynamic DNS operation. This means that DHCP clients can be auto-registered with the DNS server. </p><p> You are taking the opportunity to manually set the netbios name of the Samba server to a name other than what will be automatically resolved. You are doing this to ensure that the machine has the same NetBIOS name on both network segments. </p><p> As in the previous network configuration, printing in this network configuration uses direct raw printing (i.e., no smart printing and no print driver auto-download to Windows clients). Printer drivers are installed on the Windows client manually. This is not a problem given that Christine is to install and configure one single workstation and then clone that configuration, using Norton Ghost, to all workstations. Each machine is identical, so this should pose no problem. </p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2445432"></a>Hardware Requirements</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2519434"></a> This server runs a considerable number of services. From similarly configured Linux installations the approximate calculated memory requirements will be as that shown in <a href="secure.html#ch4memoryest" title="Example 4.1. Estimation of Memory Requirements">???</a>. </p><div class="example"><a name="ch4memoryest"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 4.1. Estimation of Memory Requirements</b></p><pre class="screen"> Application Memory per User 130 Users 500 Users Name (MBytes) Total MBytes Total MBytes ----------- --------------- ------------ ------------ DHCP 2.5 3 3 DNS 16.0 16 16 Samba (nmbd) 16.0 16 16 Samba (winbind) 16.0 16 16 Samba (smbd) 4.0 520 2000 Apache 10.0 (20 User) 200 200 CUPS 3.5 16 32 Basic OS 256.0 256 256 -------------- -------------- Total: 1043 MBytes 2539 MBytes -------------- -------------- </pre></div><p> You would choose to add a safety margin of at least 50% to these estimates. The minimum system memory recommended for initial startup would be 1 GByte, but to permit the system to scale to 500 users, it would make sense to provision the machine with 4 GBytes memory. An initial configuration with only 1 GByte memory would lead to early performance complaints as the system load builds up. Given the low cost of memory, it would not make sense to compromise in this area. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2519500"></a> Aggregate Input/Output loads should be considered for sizing network configuration as well as disk subsystems. For network bandwidth calculations, one would typically use an estimate of 0.1 MBytes/sec per user. This would suggest that 100-Base-T (approx. 10 MBytes/sec) would deliver below acceptable capacity for the initial user load. It is, therefore, a good idea to begin with 1 Gigabit ethernet cards for the two internal networks, each attached to a 1 Gigabit Etherswitch that provides connectivity to an expandable array of 100-Base-T switched ports. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2519521"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2519529"></a> Considering the choice of 1 Gigabit ethernet interfaces for the two local network segments, the aggregate network I/O capacity will be 2100 MBit/sec (about 230 MBytes/sec), an I/O demand that would require a fast disk storage I/O capability. Peak disk throughput is limited by the disk sub-system chosen. It would be desirable to provide the maximum I/O bandwidth that can be afforded. If a low-cost solution must be chosen, the use of 3Ware IDE RAID Controllers makes a good choice. These controllers can be fitted into a 64 bit, 66 MHz PCI-X slot. They appear to the operating system as a high speed SCSI controller that can operate at the peak of the PCI-X bandwidth (approximately 450 MByte/sec). Alternative SCSI-based hardware RAID controllers should also be considered. Alternately, it would make sense to purchase well-known branded hardware that has appropriate performance specifications. As a minimum, one should attempt to provide a disk sub-system that can deliver I/O rates of at least 100 MBytes/sec. </p><p> Disk storage requirements may be calculated as shown in <a href="secure.html#ch4diskest" title="Example 4.2. Estimation of Disk Storage Requirements">???</a>. </p><div class="example"><a name="ch4diskest"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 4.2. Estimation of Disk Storage Requirements</b></p><pre class="screen"> Corporate Data: 100 MBytes/user per year Email Storage: 500 MBytes/user per year Applications: 5000 MBytes Safety Buffer: At least 50% Given 500 Users and 2 years: ----------------------------- Corporate Data: 2 x 100 x 500 = 100000 MBytes = 100 GBytes Email Storage: 2 x 500 x 500 = 500000 MBytes = 500 GBytes Applications: 5000 MBytes = 5 GBytes ---------------------------- Total: 605 GBytes Add 50% buffer 303 GBytes Recommended Storage: 908 GBytes </pre></div><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2519594"></a> The preferred storage capacity should be approximately 1 TeraByte. Use of RAID level 5 with two hot spare drives would require an 8 drive by 200 GByte capacity per drive array. </p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2519609"></a>Political Issues</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p> Your industry is coming under increasing accountability pressures. Increased paranoia is necessary so you can demonstrate that you have acted with due diligence. You must not trust your Internet connection. </p><p> Apart from permitting more efficient management of business applications through use of an application server, your primary reason for the decision to implement this is that it gives you greater control over software licensing. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2519630"></a> You are well aware that the current configuration results in some performance issues as the size of the desktop profile grows. Given that users use Microsoft Outlook Express, you know that the storage implications of the <tt class="constant">.PST</tt> file is something that needs to be addressed later on. </p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2519651"></a>Implementation</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p> <a href="secure.html#ch04net" title="Figure 4.1. Abmas Network Topology 130 Users">???</a> demonstrates the overall design of the network that you will implement. </p><p> The information presented here assumes that you are already familiar with many basic steps. As this stands, the details provided already extend well beyond just the necessities of Samba configuration. This decision is deliberate to ensure that key determinants of a successful installation are not overlooked. This is the last case that documents the finite minutiae of DHCP and DNS server configuration. Beyond the information provided here, there are many other good reference books on these subjects. </p><p> The <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file has the following noteworthy features: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p> The NetBIOS name of the Samba server is set to <tt class="constant">DIAMOND</tt>. </p></li><li><p> The Domain name is set to <tt class="constant">PROMISES</tt>. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2519711"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2519719"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2519727"></a> Ethernet interface <tt class="constant">eth0</tt> is attached to the Internet connection and is externally exposed. This interface is explicitly not available for Samba to use. Samba listens on this interface for broadcast messages, but does not broadcast any information on <tt class="constant">eth0</tt>, nor does it accept any connections from it. This is achieved by way of the <i class="parameter"><tt>interfaces</tt></i> parameter and the <i class="parameter"><tt>bind interfaces only</tt></i> entry. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2519765"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2519773"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2519781"></a> The <i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i> parameter specifies the creation and use of the <tt class="constant">tdbsam</tt> password backend. This is a binary database that has excellent scalability for a large number of user account entries. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2519806"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2519814"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2519822"></a> WINS serving is enabled by the <a class="indexterm" name="id2519832"></a>wins support = Yes, and name resolution is set to use it by means of the <a class="indexterm" name="id2519840"></a>name resolve order = wins bcast hosts entry. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2519851"></a> The Samba server is configured for use by Windows clients as a time server. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2519864"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2519872"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2519880"></a> Samba is configured to directly interface with CUPS via the direct internal interface that is provided by CUPS libraries. This is achieved with the <a class="indexterm" name="id2519892"></a>printing = CUPS as well as the <a class="indexterm" name="id2519900"></a>printcap name = CUPS entries. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2519910"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2519918"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2519926"></a> External interface scripts are provided to enable Samba to interface smoothly to essential operating system functions for user and group management. This is important to enable workstations to join the Domain, and is also important so that you can use the Windows NT4 Domain User Manager, as well as the Domain Server Manager. These tools are provided as part of the <tt class="filename">SRVTOOLS.EXE</tt> toolkit that can be downloaded from the Microsoft FTP <a href="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SRVTOOLS.EXE" target="_top">site.</a> </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2519958"></a> The <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file specifies that the Samba server will operate in (default) <i class="parameter"><tt> security = user</tt></i> mode<sup>[<a name="id2519981" href="#ftn.id2519981">5</a>]</sup> (User Mode). </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2519997"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2520005"></a> Domain logon services as well as a Domain logon script are specified. The logon script will be used to add robustness to the overall network configuration. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2520020"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2520028"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2520036"></a> Roaming profiles are enabled through the specification of the parameter, <a class="indexterm" name="id2520047"></a>logon path = \\%L\profiles\%U. The value of this parameter translates the <tt class="constant">%L</tt> to the name by which the Samba server is called by the client (for this configuration, it translates to the name <tt class="constant">DIAMOND</tt>), and the <tt class="constant">%U</tt> will translate to the name of the user within the context of the connection made to the profile share. It is the administrator's responsibility to ensure there is a directory in the root of the profile share for each user. This directory must be owned by the user also. An exception to this requirement is when a profile is created for group use. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2520076"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2520084"></a> Precautionary veto is effected for particular Windows file names that have been targeted by virus-related activity. Additionally, Microsoft Office files are vetoed from opportunistic locking controls. This should help to prevent lock contention related file access problems. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2520102"></a> Explicit controls are effected to restrict access to the <tt class="constant">IPC$</tt> share to local networks only. The <tt class="constant">IPC$</tt> share plays an important role in network browsing and in establishment of network connections. </p></li><li><p> Every user has a private home directory on the UNIX/Linux host. This is mapped to a network drive that is the same for all users. </p></li></ul></div><p> The configuration of the server is the most complex so far. The following steps are used: </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p> Basic System Configuration </p></li><li><p> Samba Configuration </p></li><li><p> DHCP and DNS Server Configuration </p></li><li><p> Printer Configuration </p></li><li><p> Process Start-up Configuration </p></li><li><p> Validation </p></li><li><p> Application Share Configuration </p></li><li><p> Windows Client Configuration </p></li></ol></div><p> The following sections cover each step in logical and defined detail. </p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ch4bsc"></a>Basic System Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2520200"></a> The preparation in this section assumes that your SUSE Enterprise Linux Server 8.0 system has been freshly installed. It prepares basic files so that the system is ready for comprehensive operation in line with the network diagram shown in <a href="secure.html#ch04net" title="Figure 4.1. Abmas Network Topology 130 Users">???</a>. </p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2520226"></a> Using the UNIX/Linux system tools, name the server <tt class="constant">server.abmas.us</tt>. Verify that your hostname is correctly set by running: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> uname -n server </pre><p> An alternate method to verify the hostname is: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> hostname -f server.abmas.us </pre><p> </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2520272"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2520278"></a> Edit your <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> file to include the primary names and addresses of all network interfaces that are on the host server. This is necessary so that during startup the system can resolve all its own names to the IP address prior to startup of the DNS server. An example of entries that should be in the <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> file is: </p><pre class="screen"> 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.1 sleeth1.abmas.biz sleeth1 diamond 192.168.2.1 sleeth2.abmas.biz sleeth2 123.45.67.66 server.abmas.us server </pre><p> You should check the startup order of your system. If the CUPS print server is started before the DNS server (<span><b class="command">named</b></span>), you should also include an entry for the printers in the <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> file, as follows: </p><pre class="screen"> 192.168.1.20 qmsa.abmas.biz qmsa 192.168.1.30 hplj6a.abmas.biz hplj6a 192.168.2.20 qmsf.abmas.biz qmsf 192.168.2.30 hplj6f.abmas.biz hplj6f </pre><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2520336"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2520344"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2520352"></a> The printer entries are not necessary if <span><b class="command">named</b></span> is started prior to startup of <span><b class="command">cupsd</b></span>, the CUPS daemon. </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2520381"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2520388"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2520394"></a> The host server is acting as a router between the two internal network segments as well as for all Internet access. This necessitates that IP forwarding must be enabled. This can be achieved by adding to the <tt class="filename">/etc/rc.d/boot.local</tt> an entry as follows: </p><pre class="screen"> echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward </pre><p> To ensure that your kernel is capable of IP forwarding during configuration, you may wish to execute that command manually also. This setting permits the Linux system to act as a router.<sup>[<a name="id2520424" href="#ftn.id2520424">6</a>]</sup> </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2520435"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2520443"></a> Installation of a basic firewall and network address translation facility is necessary. The following script can be installed in the <tt class="filename">/usr/local/sbin</tt> directory. It is executed from the <tt class="filename">/etc/rc.d/boot.local</tt> startup script. In your case, this script is called <tt class="filename">abmas-netfw.sh</tt>. The script contents are shown in <a href="secure.html#ch4natfw" title="Example 4.3. NAT Firewall Configuration Script">???</a>. </p><div class="example"><a name="ch4natfw"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 4.3. NAT Firewall Configuration Script</b></p><pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh echo -e "\n\nLoading NAT firewall.\n" IPTABLES=/usr/sbin/iptables EXTIF="eth0" INTIFA="eth1" INTIFB="eth2" /sbin/depmod -a /sbin/insmod ip_tables /sbin/insmod ip_conntrack /sbin/insmod ip_conntrack_ftp /sbin/insmod iptable_nat /sbin/insmod ip_nat_ftp $IPTABLES -P INPUT DROP $IPTABLES -F INPUT $IPTABLES -P OUTPUT ACCEPT $IPTABLES -F OUTPUT $IPTABLES -P FORWARD DROP $IPTABLES -F FORWARD $IPTABLES -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT $IPTABLES -A INPUT -i $INTIFA -j ACCEPT $IPTABLES -A INPUT -i $INTIFB -j ACCEPT $IPTABLES -A INPUT -i $EXTIF -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Enable incoming traffic for: SSH, SMTP, DNS(tcp), HTTP, HTTPS for i in 22 25 53 80 443 do $IPTABLES -A INPUT -i $EXTIF -p tcp --dport $i -j ACCEPT done # Allow DNS(udp) $IPTABLES -A INPUT -i $EXTIF -p udp -dport 53 -j ACCEPT echo "Allow all connections OUT and only existing and specified ones IN" $IPTABLES -A FORWARD -i $EXTIF -o $INTIFA -m state \ --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT $IPTABLES -A FORWARD -i $EXTIF -o $INTIFB -m state \ --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT $IPTABLES -A FORWARD -i $INTIFA -o $EXTIF -j ACCEPT $IPTABLES -A FORWARD -i $INTIFB -o $EXTIF -j ACCEPT $IPTABLES -A FORWARD -j LOG echo " Enabling SNAT (MASQUERADE) functionality on $EXTIF" $IPTABLES -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o $EXTIF -j MASQUERADE echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward echo -e "\nNAT firewall done.\n" </pre></div><p> </p></li><li><p> Execute the following to make the script executable: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chmod 755 /usr/local/sbin/abmas-natfw.sh </pre><p> You must now edit <tt class="filename">/etc/rc.d/boot.local</tt> to add an entry that runs your <span><b class="command">abmas-natfw.sh</b></span> script. The following entry works for you: </p><pre class="screen"> #! /bin/sh # # Copyright (c) 2002 SUSE Linux AG Nuernberg, Germany. # All rights reserved. # # Author: Werner Fink, 1996 # Burchard Steinbild, 1996 # # /etc/init.d/boot.local # # script with local commands to be executed from init on system startup # # Here you should add things that should happen directly after booting # before we're going to the first run level. # /usr/local/sbin/abmas-natfw.sh </pre><p> </p></li></ol></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2520594"></a> The server is now ready for Samba configuration. During the validation step, you remove the entry for the Samba server <tt class="constant">diamond</tt> from the <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> file. This is done after you are satisfied that DNS-based name resolution is functioning correctly. </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2520618"></a>Samba Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p> When you have completed this section, the Samba server is ready for testing and validation; however, testing and validation have to wait until DHCP, DNS, and Printing (CUPS) services have been configured. </p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p> Install the Samba-3 binary RPM from the Samba-Team FTP site. Assuming that the binary RPM file is called <tt class="filename">samba-3.0.2-1.i386.rpm</tt>, one way to install this file is as follows: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> rpm -Uvh samba-3.0.2-1.i386.rpm </pre><p> This operation must be performed while logged in as the <span><b class="command">root</b></span> user. Successful operation is clearly indicated. If this installation should fail for any reason, refer to the operating system manufacturer's documentation for guidance. </p></li><li><p> Install the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file shown in <a href="secure.html#promisnet" title="Example 4.4. 130 User Network with tdbsam [globals] Section">???</a>, <a href="secure.html#promisnetsvca" title="Example 4.5. 130 User Network with tdbsam Services Section Part A">???</a>, and <a href="secure.html#promisnetsvcb" title="Example 4.6. 130 User Network with tdbsam Services Section Part B">???</a>. Concatenate (join) all three files to make a single <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file. The final, fully qualified path for this file should be <tt class="filename">/etc/samba/smb.conf</tt>. </p><div class="example"><a name="promisnet"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 4.4. 130 User Network with tdbsam [globals] Section</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td># Global parameters</td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2520744"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> workgroup = PROMISES</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2520760"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> netbios name = DIAMOND</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2520775"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> interfaces = eth1, eth2, lo</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2520791"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> bind interfaces only = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2520807"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> passdb backend = tdbsam</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2520823"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> pam password change = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2520839"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> passwd chat = *New*Password* %n\n *Re-enter*new*password*</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt> %n\n *Password*changed*</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2520863"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> username map = /etc/samba/smbusers</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2520879"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> unix password sync = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2520894"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> log level = 1</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2520910"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> syslog = 0</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2520925"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> log file = /var/log/samba/%m</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2520941"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> max log size = 50</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2520957"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> smb ports = 139 445</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2520972"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> name resolve order = wins bcast hosts</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2520989"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> time server = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521004"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> printcap name = CUPS</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521020"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> show add printer wizard = No</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521036"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> add user script = /usr/sbin/useradd -m '%u'</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521053"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> delete user script = /usr/sbin/userdel -r '%u'</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521069"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> add group script = /usr/sbin/groupadd '%g'</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521085"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> delete group script = /usr/sbin/groupdel '%g'</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521101"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> add user to group script = /usr/sbin/usermod -G '%g' '%u'</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521118"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> add machine script = /usr/sbin/useradd</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>-s /bin/false -d /tmp '%u'</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521141"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> shutdown script = /var/lib/samba/scripts/shutdown.sh</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521158"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> abort shutdown script = /sbin/shutdown -c</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521174"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> logon script = scripts\logon.bat</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521190"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> logon path = \\%L\profiles\%U</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521205"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> logon drive = X:</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521221"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> logon home = \\%L\%U</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521237"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> domain logons = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521252"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> preferred master = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521268"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> wins support = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521284"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> utmp = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521300"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> map acl inherit = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521316"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> printing = cups</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521331"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> veto files = /*.eml/*.nws/*.{*}/</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521348"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> veto oplock files = /*.doc/*.xls/*.mdb/</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p> </p><div class="example"><a name="promisnetsvca"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 4.5. 130 User Network with tdbsam Services Section Part A</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[IPC$]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521386"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> path = /tmp</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521401"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> hosts allow = 192.168.1.0/24, 192.168.2.0/24, 127.0.0.1</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521418"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> hosts deny = 0.0.0.0/0</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[homes]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521442"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> comment = Home Directories</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521458"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> valid users = %S</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521474"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> read only = No</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521489"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> browseable = No</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521514"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> comment = SMB Print Spool</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521530"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> path = /var/spool/samba</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521545"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> guest ok = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521561"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> printable = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521576"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> use client driver = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521592"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> default devmode = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521608"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> browseable = No</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[netlogon]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521633"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> comment = Network Logon Service</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521649"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> path = /var/lib/samba/netlogon</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521665"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> guest ok = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521680"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> locking = No</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p> </p><div class="example"><a name="promisnetsvcb"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 4.6. 130 User Network with tdbsam Services Section Part B</b></p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[profiles]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521718"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> comment = Profile Share</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521734"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> path = /var/lib/samba/profiles</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521749"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> read only = No</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521765"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> profile acls = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[accounts]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521790"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> comment = Accounting Files</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521805"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> path = /data/accounts</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521821"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> read only = No</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[service]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521846"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> comment = Financial Services Files</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521862"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> path = /data/service</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521877"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> read only = No</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>[apps]</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521902"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> comment = Application Files</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521917"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> path = /apps</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521933"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> read only = Yes</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2521949"></a><i class="parameter"><tt> admin users = bjordan</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><p> </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2521971"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2521977"></a> Add the <tt class="constant">root</tt> user to the password backend as follows: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> smbpasswd -a root New SMB password: XXXXXXXX Retype new SMB password: XXXXXXXX <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> </pre><p> The <tt class="constant">root</tt> account is the UNIX equivalent of the Windows Domain Administrator. This account is essential in the regular maintenance of your Samba server. It must never be deleted. If for any reason the account is deleted, you may not be able to recreate this account without considerable trouble. </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2522024"></a> Create the username map file to permit the <tt class="constant">root</tt> account to be called <tt class="constant">Administrator</tt> from the Windows network environment. To do this, create the file <tt class="filename">/etc/samba/smbusers</tt> with the following contents: </p><pre class="screen"> #### # User mapping file #### # File Format # ----------- # Unix_ID = Windows_ID # # Examples: # root = Administrator # janes = "Jane Smith" # jimbo = Jim Bones # # Note: If the name contains a space it must be double quoted. # In the example above the name 'jimbo' will be mapped to Windows # user names 'Jim' and 'Bones' because the space was not quoted. ####################################################################### root = Administrator #### # End of File #### </pre><p> </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2522068"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2522074"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2522089"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2522103"></a> Create and map Windows Domain Groups to UNIX groups. A sample script is provided in <a href="small.html#initGrps" title="Example 3.1. Script to Map Windows NT Groups to UNIX Groups">???</a>. Create a file containing this script. We called ours <tt class="filename">/etc/samba/initGrps.sh</tt>. Set this file so it can be executed, and then execute the script. Sample output should be as follows: </p><div class="example"><a name="ch4initGrps"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 4.7. Script to Map Windows NT Groups to UNIX Groups</b></p><a class="indexterm" name="id2522146"></a><pre class="screen"> #!/bin/bash # # initGrps.sh # # Create UNIX groups groupadd acctsdep groupadd finsrvcs # Map Windows Domain Groups to UNIX groups net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Admins" unixgroup=root net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Users" unixgroup=users net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Guests" unixgroup=nobody # Add Functional Domain Groups net groupmap add ntgroup="Accounts Dept" unixgroup=acctsdep type=d net groupmap add ntgroup="Financial Services" unixgroup=finsrvcs type=d # Map Windows NT machine local groups to local UNIX groups # Mapping of local groups is not necessary and not functional # for this installation. </pre></div><p> </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chmod 755 initGrps.sh <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> /etc/samba # ./initGrps.sh Updated mapping entry for Domain Admins Updated mapping entry for Domain Users Updated mapping entry for Domain Guests No rid or sid specified, choosing algorithmic mapping Successfully added group Accounts Dept to the mapping db No rid or sid specified, choosing algorithmic mapping Successfully added group Domain Guests to the mapping db <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> /etc/samba # net groupmap list | sort Account Operators (S-1-5-32-548) -> -1 Accounts Dept (S-1-5-21-179504-2437109-488451-2003) -> acctsdep Administrators (S-1-5-32-544) -> -1 Backup Operators (S-1-5-32-551) -> -1 Domain Admins (S-1-5-21-179504-2437109-488451-512) -> root Domain Guests (S-1-5-21-179504-2437109-488451-514) -> nobody Domain Users (S-1-5-21-179504-2437109-488451-513) -> users Financial Services (S-1-5-21-179504-2437109-488451-2005) -> finsrvcs Guests (S-1-5-32-546) -> -1 Power Users (S-1-5-32-547) -> -1 Print Operators (S-1-5-32-550) -> -1 Replicators (S-1-5-32-552) -> -1 System Operators (S-1-5-32-549) -> -1 Users (S-1-5-32-545) -> -1 </pre><p> </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2522221"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2522228"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2522235"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2522241"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2522248"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2522255"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2522264"></a> There is one preparatory step without which you will not have a working Samba network environment. You must add an account for each network user. For each user who needs to be given a Windows Domain account, make an entry in the <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> file, as well as in the Samba password backend. Use the system tool of your choice to create the UNIX system account, and use the Samba <span><b class="command">smbpasswd</b></span> to create a Domain user account. There are a number of tools for user management under UNIX. Commonly known ones include: <span><b class="command">useradd, adduser</b></span>. In addition to these, there are a plethora of custom tools. You also want to create a home directory for each user. You can do this by executing the following steps for each user: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> useradd -m <i class="parameter"><tt>username</tt></i> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> passwd <i class="parameter"><tt>username</tt></i> Changing password for <i class="parameter"><tt>username</tt></i>. New password: XXXXXXXX Re-enter new password: XXXXXXXX Password changed <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> smbpasswd -a <i class="parameter"><tt>username</tt></i> New SMB password: XXXXXXXX Retype new SMB password: XXXXXXXX Added user <i class="parameter"><tt>username</tt></i>. </pre><p> You do of course use a valid user login ID in place of <i class="parameter"><tt>username</tt></i>. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2522373"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2522384"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2522396"></a> Using the preferred tool for your UNIX system, add each user to the UNIX groups created previously as necessary. File system access control will be based on UNIX group membership. </p></li><li><p> Create the directory mount point for the disk sub-system that can be mounted to provide data storage for company files. In this case the mount point indicated in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file is <tt class="filename">/data</tt>. Format the file system as required, and mount the formatted file system partition using appropriate system tools. </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2522440"></a> Create the top-level file storage directories for data and applications as follows: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> mkdir -p /data/{accounts,finsvcs} <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> mkdir -p /apps <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chown -R root.root /data <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chown -R root.root /apps <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chown -R bjordan.accounts /data/accounts <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chown -R bjordan.finsvcs /data/finsvcs <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chmod -R ug+rwxs,o-rwx /data <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chmod -R ug+rwx,o+rx-w /apps </pre><p> Each department is responsible for creating its own directory structure within the departmental share. The directory root of the <span><b class="command">accounts</b></span> share is <tt class="filename">/data/accounts</tt>. The directory root of the <span><b class="command">finsvcs</b></span> share is <tt class="filename">/data/finsvcs</tt>. The <tt class="filename">/apps</tt> directory is the root of the <tt class="constant">apps</tt> share that provides the application server infrastructure. </p></li><li><p> The <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file specifies an infrastructure to support roaming profiles and network logon services. You can now create the file system infrastructure to provide the locations on disk that these services require. Adequate planning is essential since desktop profiles can grow to be quite large. For planning purposes, a minimum of 200 Megabytes of storage should be allowed per user for profile storage. The following commands create the directory infrastructure needed: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> mkdir -p /var/spool/samba <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> mkdir -p /var/lib/samba/{netlogon/scripts,profiles} <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chown -R root.root /var/spool/samba <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chown -R root.root /var/lib/samba <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chmod a+rwxt /var/spool/samba </pre><p> For each user account that is created on the system, the following commands should be executed: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> mkdir /var/lib/samba/profiles/'username' <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chown 'username'.users /var/lib/samba/profiles/'username' <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chmod ug+wrx,o+rx,-w /var/lib/samba/profiles/'username' </pre><p> </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2522638"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2522646"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2522654"></a> Create a logon script. It is important that each line is correctly terminated with a carriage return and line-feed combination (i.e., DOS encoding). The following procedure works if the right tools (<tt class="constant">unix2dos</tt> and <tt class="constant">dos2unix</tt>) are installed. First, create a file called <tt class="filename">/var/lib/samba/netlogon/scripts/logon.bat.unix</tt> with the following contents: </p><pre class="screen"> net time \\diamond /set /yes net use h: /home net use p: \\diamond\apps </pre><p> Convert the UNIX file to a DOS file using the <span><b class="command">unix2dos</b></span> as shown here: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> unix2dos < /var/lib/samba/netlogon/scripts/logon.bat.unix \ > /var/lib/samba/netlogon/scripts/logon.bat </pre><p> </p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ch4dhcpdns"></a>Configuration of DHCP and DNS Servers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p> DHCP services are a basic component of the entire network client installation. DNS operation is foundational to Internet access as well as to trouble-free operation of local networking. When you have completed this section, the server should be ready for solid duty operation. </p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2522738"></a> Create a file called <tt class="filename">/etc/dhcpd.conf</tt> with the contents as shown in <a href="secure.html#prom-dhcp" title="Example 4.8. DHCP Server Configuration File /etc/dhcpd.conf">???</a>. </p><div class="example"><a name="prom-dhcp"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 4.8. DHCP Server Configuration File <tt class="filename">/etc/dhcpd.conf</tt></b></p><pre class="screen"> # Abmas Accounting Inc. - Chapter 4 default-lease-time 86400; max-lease-time 172800; default-lease-time 86400; option ntp-servers 192.168.1.1; option domain-name "abmas.biz"; option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.1, 192.168.2.1; option netbios-name-servers 192.168.1.1, 192.168.2.1; option netbios-node-type 8; ### Node type = Hybrid ### ddns-updates on; ### Dynamic DNS enabled ### ddns-update-style ad-hoc; subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { range dynamic-bootp 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.254; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; option routers 192.168.1.1; allow unknown-clients; host qmsa { hardware ethernet 08:00:46:7a:35:e4; fixed-address 192.168.1.20; } host hplj6a { hardware ethernet 00:03:47:cb:81:e0; fixed-address 192.168.1.30; } } subnet 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { range dynamic-bootp 192.168.2.128 192.168.2.254; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; option routers 192.168.2.1; allow unknown-clients; host qmsf { hardware ethernet 01:04:31:db:e1:c0; fixed-address 192.168.1.20; } host hplj6f { hardware ethernet 00:03:47:cf:83:e2; fixed-address 192.168.2.30; } } subnet 127.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0 { } subnet 123.45.67.64 netmask 255.255.255.252 { } </pre></div><p> </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2522839"></a> Create a file called <tt class="filename">/etc/named.conf</tt> that has the combined contents of the <a href="secure.html#ch4namedcfg" title="Example 4.9. DNS Master Configuration File /etc/named.conf Master Section">???</a>, <a href="secure.html#ch4namedvarfwd" title="Example 4.10. DNS Master Configuration File /etc/named.conf Forward Lookup Definition Section">???</a>, and <a href="secure.html#ch4namedvarrev" title="Example 4.11. DNS Master Configuration File /etc/named.conf Reverse Lookup Definition Section">???</a> files that are concatenated (merged) in this specific order. </p></li><li><p> Create the files shown in their directories as follows: </p><div class="table"><a name="id2522882"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 4.2. DNS (named) Resource Files</b></p><table summary="DNS (named) Resource Files" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="left"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Reference</th><th align="left">File Location</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a href="appendix.html#loopback" title="Example A.3. DNS Localhost Forward Zone File: /var/lib/named/localhost.zone">???</a></td><td align="left">/var/lib/named/localhost.zone</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a href="appendix.html#dnsloopy" title="Example A.4. DNS Localhost Reverse Zone File: /var/lib/named/127.0.0.zone">???</a></td><td align="left">/var/lib/named/127.0.0.zone</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a href="appendix.html#roothint" title="Example A.5. DNS Root Name Server Hint File: /var/lib/named/root.hint">???</a></td><td align="left">/var/lib/named/root.hint</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a href="secure.html#abmasbiz" title="Example 4.14. DNS Abmas.biz Forward Zone File">???</a></td><td align="left">/var/lib/named/master/abmas.biz.hosts</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a href="secure.html#abmasus" title="Example 4.15. DNS Abmas.us Forward Zone File">???</a></td><td align="left">/var/lib/named/abmas.us.hosts</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a href="secure.html#eth1zone" title="Example 4.12. DNS 192.168.1 Reverse Zone File">???</a></td><td align="left">/var/lib/named/192.168.1.0.rev</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a href="secure.html#eth2zone" title="Example 4.13. DNS 192.168.2 Reverse Zone File">???</a></td><td align="left">/var/lib/named/192.168.2.0.rev</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p> </p><div class="example"><a name="ch4namedcfg"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 4.9. DNS Master Configuration File <tt class="filename">/etc/named.conf</tt> Master Section</b></p><a class="indexterm" name="id2523040"></a><pre class="screen"> ### # Abmas Biz DNS Control File ### # Date: November 15, 2003 ### options { directory "/var/lib/named"; forwarders { 123.45.12.23; }; forward first; listen-on { mynet; }; auth-nxdomain yes; multiple-cnames yes; notify no; }; zone "." in { type hint; file "root.hint"; }; zone "localhost" in { type master; file "localhost.zone"; }; zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" in { type master; file "127.0.0.zone"; }; acl mynet { 192.168.1.0/24; 192.168.2.0/24; 127.0.0.1; }; acl seconddns { 123.45.54.32; } </pre></div><p> </p><div class="example"><a name="ch4namedvarfwd"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 4.10. DNS Master Configuration File <tt class="filename">/etc/named.conf</tt> Forward Lookup Definition Section</b></p><pre class="screen"> zone "abmas.biz" { type master; file "/var/lib/named/master/abmas.biz.hosts"; allow-query { mynet; }; allow-transfer { mynet; }; allow-update { mynet; }; }; zone "abmas.us" { type master; file "/var/lib/named/master/abmas.us.hosts"; allow-query { all; }; allow-transfer { seconddns; }; }; </pre></div><p> </p><div class="example"><a name="ch4namedvarrev"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 4.11. DNS Master Configuration File <tt class="filename">/etc/named.conf</tt> Reverse Lookup Definition Section</b></p><pre class="screen"> zone "1.168.192.in-addr.arpa" { type master; file "/var/lib/named/master/192.168.1.0.rev"; allow-query { mynet; }; allow-transfer { mynet; }; allow-update { mynet; }; }; zone "2.168.192.in-addr.arpa" { type master; file "/var/lib/named/master/192.168.2.0.rev"; allow-query { mynet; }; allow-transfer { mynet; }; allow-update { mynet; }; }; </pre></div><p> </p><div class="example"><a name="eth1zone"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 4.12. DNS 192.168.1 Reverse Zone File</b></p><pre class="screen"> $ORIGIN . $TTL 38400 ; 10 hours 40 minutes 1.168.192.in-addr.arpa IN SOA sleeth.abmas.biz. root.abmas.biz. ( 2003021825 ; serial 10800 ; refresh (3 hours) 3600 ; retry (1 hour) 604800 ; expire (1 week) 38400 ; minimum (10 hours 40 minutes) ) NS sleeth1.abmas.biz. $ORIGIN 1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 1 PTR sleeth1.abmas.biz. 20 PTR qmsa.abmas.biz. 30 PTR hplj6a.abmas.biz. </pre></div><p> </p><div class="example"><a name="eth2zone"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 4.13. DNS 192.168.2 Reverse Zone File</b></p><pre class="screen"> $ORIGIN . $TTL 38400 ; 10 hours 40 minutes 2.168.192.in-addr.arpa IN SOA sleeth.abmas.biz. root.abmas.biz. ( 2003021825 ; serial 10800 ; refresh (3 hours) 3600 ; retry (1 hour) 604800 ; expire (1 week) 38400 ; minimum (10 hours 40 minutes) ) NS sleeth2.abmas.biz. $ORIGIN 2.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 1 PTR sleeth2.abmas.biz. 20 PTR qmsf.abmas.biz. 30 PTR hplj6f.abmas.biz. </pre></div><p> </p><div class="example"><a name="abmasbiz"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 4.14. DNS Abmas.biz Forward Zone File</b></p><pre class="screen"> $ORIGIN . $TTL 38400 ; 10 hours 40 minutes abmas.biz IN SOA sleeth1.abmas.biz. root.abmas.biz. ( 2003021833 ; serial 10800 ; refresh (3 hours) 3600 ; retry (1 hour) 604800 ; expire (1 week) 38400 ; minimum (10 hours 40 minutes) ) NS dns.abmas.biz. MX 10 mail.abmas.biz. $ORIGIN abmas.biz. sleeth1 A 192.168.1.1 sleeth2 A 192.168.2.1 qmsa A 192.168.1.20 hplj6a A 192.168.1.30 qmsf A 192.168.2.20 hplj6f A 192.168.2.30 dns CNAME sleeth1 diamond CNAME sleeth1 mail CNAME sleeth1 </pre></div><p> </p><div class="example"><a name="abmasus"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 4.15. DNS Abmas.us Forward Zone File</b></p><pre class="screen"> $ORIGIN . $TTL 38400 ; 10 hours 40 minutes abmas.us IN SOA server.abmas.us. root.abmas.us. ( 2003021833 ; serial 10800 ; refresh (3 hours) 3600 ; retry (1 hour) 604800 ; expire (1 week) 38400 ; minimum (10 hours 40 minutes) ) NS dns.abmas.us. NS dns2.abmas.us. MX 10 mail.abmas.us. $ORIGIN abmas.us. server A 123.45.67.66 dns2 A 123.45.54.32 gw A 123.45.67.65 www CNAME server mail CNAME server dns CNAME server </pre></div><p> </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523241"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2523247"></a> All DNS name resolution should be handled locally. To ensure that the server is configured correctly to handle this, edit <tt class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</tt> to have the following content: </p><pre class="screen"> search abmas.us abmas.biz nameserver 127.0.0.1 nameserver 123.45.54.23 </pre><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523272"></a> This instructs the name resolver function (when configured correctly) to ask the DNS server that is running locally to resolve names to addresses. In the event that the local name server is not available, ask the name server provided by the ISP. The latter, of course, does not resolve purely local names to IP addresses. </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523293"></a> The final step is to edit the <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> file. This file controls the operation of the various resolver libraries that are part of the Linux Glibc libraries. Edit this file so that it contains the following entries: </p><pre class="screen"> hosts: files dns wins </pre><p> </p></li></ol></div><p> The basic DHCP and DNS services are now ready for validation testing. Before you can proceed, there are a few more steps along the road. First, configure the print spooling and print processing system. Then you can configure the server so that all services start automatically on reboot. You must also manually start all services prior to validation testing. </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ch4ptrcfg"></a>Printer Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p> </p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p> Configure each printer to be a DHCP client carefully following the manufacturer's guidelines. </p></li><li><p> Follow the instructions in the printer manufacturers' manuals to permit printing to port 9100. Use any other port the manufacturer specifies for direct mode, raw printing and adjust the port as necessary in the following example commands. This allows the CUPS spooler to print using raw mode protocols. <a class="indexterm" name="id2523363"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523370"></a> </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523383"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2523391"></a> Configure the CUPS Print Queues as follows: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> lpadmin -p qmsa -v socket://qmsa.abmas.biz:9100 -E <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> lpadmin -p hplj6a -v socket://hplj6a.abmas.biz:9100 -E <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> lpadmin -p qmsf -v socket://qmsf.abmas.biz:9100 -E <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> lpadmin -p hplj6f -v socket://hplj6f.abmas.biz:9100 -E </pre><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523434"></a> This has created the necessary print queues with no assigned print filter. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2523449"></a> Print queues may not be enabled at creation. Use <span><b class="command">lpc stat</b></span> to check the status of the print queues and if necessary make certain that the queues you have just created are enabled by executing the following: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> /usr/bin/enable qmsa <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> /usr/bin/enable hplj6a <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> /usr/bin/enable qmsf <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> /usr/bin/enable hplj6f </pre><p> </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2523503"></a> Even though your print queues may be enabled, it is still possible that they are not accepting print jobs. A print queue services incoming printing requests only when configured to do so. Ensure that your print queues are set to accept incoming jobs by executing the following commands: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> /usr/bin/accept qmsa <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> /usr/bin/accept hplj6a <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> /usr/bin/accept qmsf <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> /usr/bin/accept hplj6f </pre><p> </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523554"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523561"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523568"></a> Edit the file <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt> to uncomment the line: </p><pre class="screen"> application/octet-stream application/vnd.cups-raw 0 - </pre><p> </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523596"></a> Edit the file <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt> to uncomment the line: </p><pre class="screen"> application/octet-stream </pre><p> </p></li><li><p> Printing drivers are installed on each network client workstation. </p></li></ol></div><p> The UNIX system print queues have been configured and are ready for validation testing. </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="procstart"></a>Process Startup Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523644"></a> There are two essential steps to process startup configuration. First, the process must be configured so that it automatically restarts each time the server is rebooted. This step involves use of the <span><b class="command">chkconfig</b></span> tool that creates the appropriate symbolic links from the master daemon control file that is located in the <tt class="filename">/etc/rc.d</tt> directory, to the <tt class="filename">/etc/rc'x'.d</tt> directories. Links are created so that when the system run-level is changed, the necessary start or kill script is run. </p><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523679"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2523685"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2523693"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2523701"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2523709"></a> In the event that a service is not run as a daemon, but via the inter-networking super daemon (<span><b class="command">inetd</b></span> or <span><b class="command">xinetd</b></span>), then the <span><b class="command">chkconfig</b></span> tool makes the necessary entries in the <tt class="filename">/etc/xinetd.d</tt> directory and sends a hang-up (HUP) signal to the the super daemon, thus forcing it to re-read its control files. </p><p> Last, each service must be started to permit system validation to proceed. </p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p> Use the standard system tool to configure each service to restart automatically at every system reboot. For example: <a class="indexterm" name="id2523762"></a> </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chkconfig dhpc on <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chkconfig named on <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chkconfig cups on <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> chkconfig smb on </pre><p> </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523806"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523813"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523820"></a> Now start each service to permit the system to be validated. Execute each of the following in the sequence shown: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> /etc/rc.d/init.d/dhcp restart <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> /etc/rc.d/init.d/named restart <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> /etc/rc.d/init.d/cups restart <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> /etc/rc.d/init.d/smb restart </pre><p> </p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ch4valid"></a>Validation</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2523873"></a> Complex networking problems are most often caused by simple things that are poorly or incorrectly configured. The validation process adopted here should be followed carefully; it is the result of the experience gained from years of making and correcting the most common mistakes. Shortcuts often lead to basic errors. You should refrain from taking shortcuts, from making basic assumptions, and from not exercising due process and diligence in network validation. By thoroughly testing and validating every step in the process of network installation and configuration, you can save yourself from sleepless nights and restless days. A well debugged network is a foundation for happy network users and network administrators. Later in this book you learn how to make users happier. For now, it is enough to learn to validate. Let's get on with it. </p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523920"></a> One of the most important facets of Samba configuration is to ensure that name resolution functions correctly. You can test name resolution with a few simple tests. The most basic name resolution is provided from the <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> file. To test its operation, make a temporary edit to the <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> file. Using your favorite editor, change the entry for <tt class="constant">hosts</tt> to read: </p><pre class="screen"> hosts: files </pre><p> When you have saved this file, execute the following command: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> ping diamond PING sleeth1.abmas.biz (192.168.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from sleeth1 (192.168.1.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.131 ms 64 bytes from sleeth1 (192.168.1.1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.179 ms 64 bytes from sleeth1 (192.168.1.1): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.192 ms 64 bytes from sleeth1 (192.168.1.1): icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.191 ms --- sleeth1.abmas.biz ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3016ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.131/0.173/0.192/0.026 ms </pre><p> This proves that name resolution via the <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> file is working. </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2523989"></a> So far, your installation is going particularly well. In this step we validate DNS server and name resolution operation. Using your favorite UNIX system editor, change the <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> file so that the <tt class="constant">hosts</tt> entry reads: </p><pre class="screen"> hosts: dns </pre><p> </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524022"></a> Before you test DNS operation, it is a good idea to verify that the DNS server is running by executing the following: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> ps ax | grep named 437 ? S 0:00 /sbin/syslogd -a /var/lib/named/dev/log 524 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/named -t /var/lib/named -u named 525 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/named -t /var/lib/named -u named 526 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/named -t /var/lib/named -u named 529 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/named -t /var/lib/named -u named 540 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/named -t /var/lib/named -u named 2552 pts/2 S 0:00 grep named </pre><p> This means that we are ready to check DNS operation. Do so by executing: <a class="indexterm" name="id2524052"></a> </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> ping diamond PING sleeth1.abmas.biz (192.168.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from sleeth1 (192.168.1.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.156 ms 64 bytes from sleeth1 (192.168.1.1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.183 ms --- sleeth1.abmas.biz ping statistics --- 2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 999ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.156/0.169/0.183/0.018 ms </pre><p> You should take a few more steps to validate DNS server operation, as follows: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> host -f diamond.abmas.biz sleeth1.abmas.biz has address 192.168.1.1 </pre><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524090"></a> You may now remove the entry called <tt class="constant">diamond</tt> from the <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> file. It does not hurt to leave it there, but its removal reduces the number of administrative steps for this name. </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524116"></a> WINS is a great way to resolve NetBIOS names to their IP address. You can test the operation of WINS by starting <span><b class="command">nmbd</b></span> (manually, or by way of the Samba startup method shown in <a href="secure.html#procstart" title="Process Startup Configuration">???</a>). You must edit the <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> file so that the <tt class="constant">hosts</tt> entry is as follows: </p><pre class="screen"> hosts: wins </pre><p> The next step is to make certain that Samba is running using <span><b class="command">ps ax|grep mbd</b></span>, and then execute the following: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> ping diamond PING diamond (192.168.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.094 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.479 ms </pre><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524178"></a> Now that you can relax with the knowledge that all three major forms of name resolution to IP address resolution are working, edit the <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> again. This time you add all three forms of name resolution to this file. Your edited entry for <tt class="constant">hosts</tt> should now look like this: </p><pre class="screen"> hosts: file dns wins </pre><p> The system is looking good. Let's move on. </p></li><li><p> It would give peace of mind to know that the DHCP server is running and available for service. You can validate DHCP services by running: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> ps ax | grep dhcp 2618 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/dhcpd ... 8180 pts/2 S 0:00 grep dhcp </pre><p> This shows that the server is running. The proof of whether or not it is working comes when you try to add the first DHCP client to the network. </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524237"></a> This is a good point at which to start validating Samba operation. You are content that name resolution is working for basic TCP/IP needs. Let's move on. If your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file has bogus options or parameters, this may cause Samba to refuse to start. The first step should always be to validate the contents of this file by running: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> testparm -s Load smb config files from /etc/samba/smb.conf Processing section "[IPC$]" Processing section "[homes]" Processing section "[printers]" Processing section "[netlogon]" Processing section "[profiles]" Processing section "[accounts]" Processing section "[service]" Processing section "[apps]" Loaded services file OK. # Global parameters [global] workgroup = PROMISES netbios name = DIAMOND interfaces = eth1, eth2, lo bind interfaces only = Yes passdb backend = tdbsam pam password change = Yes passwd chat = *New*Password* %n\n \ *Re-enter*new*password* %n\n *Password*changed* username map = /etc/samba/smbusers unix password sync = Yes log level = 1 syslog = 0 log file = /var/log/samba/%m max log size = 50 smb ports = 139 445 name resolve order = wins bcast hosts time server = Yes printcap name = CUPS show add printer wizard = No add user script = /usr/sbin/useradd -m %u delete user script = /usr/sbin/userdel -r %u add group script = /usr/sbin/groupadd %g delete group script = /usr/sbin/groupdel %g add user to group script = /usr/sbin/usermod -G %g %u add machine script = /usr/sbin/useradd \ -s /bin/false -d /dev/null %u shutdown script = /var/lib/samba/scripts/shutdown.sh abort shutdown script = /sbin/shutdown -c logon script = scripts\logon.bat logon path = \\%L\profiles\%U logon drive = X: logon home = \\%L\%U domain logons = Yes preferred master = Yes wins support = Yes utmp = Yes winbind use default domain = Yes map acl inherit = Yes printing = cups veto files = /*.eml/*.nws/riched20.dll/*.{*}/ veto oplock files = /*.doc/*.xls/*.mdb/ [IPC$] path = /tmp hosts allow = 192.168.1.0/24, 192.168.2.0/24, 127.0.0.1 hosts deny = 0.0.0.0/0 ... ### Remainder cut to save space ### </pre><p> Clear away all errors before proceeding. </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524309"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524316"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524323"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524330"></a> Check that the Samba server is running: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> ps ax | grep mbd 14244 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/nmbd -D 14245 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/nmbd -D 14290 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/smbd -D $rootprompt; ps ax | grep winbind 14293 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/winbindd -B 14295 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/winbindd -B </pre><p> The <span><b class="command">winbindd</b></span> daemon is running in split mode (normal), so there are also two instances<sup>[<a name="id2524361" href="#ftn.id2524361">7</a>]</sup> of it. </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524390"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524397"></a> Check that an anonymous connection can be made to the Samba server: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> smbclient -L localhost -U% Sharename Type Comment --------- ---- ------- IPC$ IPC IPC Service (Samba 3.0.2) netlogon Disk Network Logon Service profiles Disk Profile Share accounts Disk Accounting Files service Disk Financial Services Files apps Disk Application Files ADMIN$ IPC IPC Service (Samba 3.0.2) hplj6a Printer hplj6a hplj6f Printer hplj6f qmsa Printer qmsa qmsf Printer qmsf Server Comment --------- ------- DIAMOND Samba CVS 3.0.2 Workgroup Master --------- ------- PROMISES DIAMOND </pre><p> This demonstrates that an anonymous listing of shares can be obtained. This is the equivalent of browsing the server from a Windows client to obtain a list of shares on the server. The <tt class="constant">-U%</tt> argument means "send a <tt class="constant">NULL</tt> username and a <tt class="constant">NULL</tt> password." </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524455"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524462"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524469"></a> Verify that each printer has the IP address assigned in the DHCP server configuration file. The easiest way to do this is to ping the printer name. Immediately after the ping response has been received, execute <span><b class="command">arp -a</b></span> to find the MAC address of the printer that has responded. Now you can compare the IP address and the MAC address of the printer with the configuration information in the <tt class="filename">/etc/dhcpd.conf</tt> file. They should, of course, match. For example: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> ping hplj6 PING hplj6a (192.168.1.30) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from hplj6a (192.168.1.30): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.113 ms <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> arp -a hplj6a (192.168.1.30) at 00:03:47:CB:81:E0 [ether] on eth0 </pre><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524515"></a> The MAC address <tt class="constant">00:03:47:CB:81:E0</tt> matches that specified for the IP address from which the printer has responded and with the entry for it in the <tt class="filename">/etc/dhcpd.conf</tt> file. Repeat this for each printer configured. </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524544"></a> Make an authenticated connection to the server using the <span><b class="command">smbclient</b></span> tool: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> smbclient //diamond/accounts -U gholmes Password: XXXXXXX smb: \> dir . D 0 Thu Nov 27 15:07:09 2003 .. D 0 Sat Nov 15 17:40:50 2003 zakadmin.exe 161424 Thu Nov 27 15:06:52 2003 zak.exe 6066384 Thu Nov 27 15:06:52 2003 dhcpd.conf 1256 Thu Nov 27 15:06:52 2003 smb.conf 2131 Thu Nov 27 15:06:52 2003 initGrps.sh A 1089 Thu Nov 27 15:06:52 2003 POLICY.EXE 86542 Thu Nov 27 15:06:52 2003 55974 blocks of size 65536. 33968 blocks available smb: \> q </pre><p> </p></li><li><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524601"></a> Your new server is connected to an Internet accessible connection. Before you start your firewall, you should run a port scanner against your system. You should repeat that after the firewall has been started. This helps you understand what extent the server may be vulnerable to external attack. One way you can do this is by using an external service provided such as the <a href="http://www.dslreports.com/scan" target="_top">DSL Reports</a> tools. Alternately, if you can gain root-level access to a remote UNIX/Linux system that has the <span><b class="command">nmap</b></span> tool, you can run this as follows: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> nmap -v -sT server.abmas.us Starting nmap V. 3.00 ( www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) Host server.abmas.us (123.45.67.66) appears to be up ... good. Initiating Connect() Scan against server.abmas.us (123.45.67.66) Adding open port 6000/tcp Adding open port 873/tcp Adding open port 445/tcp Adding open port 10000/tcp Adding open port 901/tcp Adding open port 631/tcp Adding open port 25/tcp Adding open port 111/tcp Adding open port 32770/tcp Adding open port 3128/tcp Adding open port 53/tcp Adding open port 80/tcp Adding open port 443/tcp Adding open port 139/tcp Adding open port 22/tcp The Connect() Scan took 0 seconds to scan 1601 ports. Interesting ports on server.abmas.us (123.45.67.66): (The 1587 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed) Port State Service 22/tcp open ssh 25/tcp open smtp 53/tcp open domain 80/tcp open http 111/tcp open sunrpc 139/tcp open netbios-ssn 443/tcp open https 445/tcp open microsoft-ds 631/tcp open ipp 873/tcp open rsync 901/tcp open samba-swat 3128/tcp open squid-http 6000/tcp open X11 10000/tcp open snet-sensor-mgmt 32770/tcp open sometimes-rpc3 Nmap run completed -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 1 second </pre><p> The above scan was run before the external interface was locked down with the NAT-firewall script you created above. The following results are obtained after the firewall rules have been put into place: </p><pre class="screen"> <tt class="prompt">root# </tt> nmap -v -sT server.abmas.us Starting nmap V. 3.00 ( www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) Host server.abmas.us (123.45.67.66) appears to be up ... good. Initiating Connect() Scan against server.abmas.us (123.45.67.66) Adding open port 53/tcp Adding open port 22/tcp The Connect() Scan took 168 seconds to scan 1601 ports. Interesting ports on server.abmas.us (123.45.67.66): (The 1593 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: filtered) Port State Service 22/tcp open ssh 25/tcp closed smtp 53/tcp open domain 80/tcp closed http 443/tcp closed https Nmap run completed -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 168 seconds </pre><p> </p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ch4appscfg"></a>Application Share Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2524703"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2524711"></a> The use of an application server is a key mechanism by which desktop administration overheads can be reduced. Check the application manual for your software to identify how best to create an administrative installation. </p><p> Some Windows software will only run locally on the desktop computer. Such software is typically not suited for administrative installation. Administratively installed software permits one or more of the following installation choices: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p> Install software fully onto a workstation, storing data files on the same workstation. </p></li><li><p> Install software fully onto a workstation with central network data file storage. </p></li><li><p> Install software to run off a central application server with data files stored on the local workstation. This is often called a minimum installation, or a network client installation. </p></li><li><p> Install software to run off a central application server with data files stored on a central network share. This type of installation often prevents storage of work files on the local workstation. </p></li></ul></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2524764"></a> A common application deployed in this environment is an office suite. Enterprise editions of Microsoft Office XP Professional can be administratively installed by launching the installation from a command shell. The command that achieves this is: <span><b class="command">setup /a</b></span>. It results in a set of prompts through which various installation choices can be made. Refer to the Microsoft Office Resource SDK and Resource Kit for more information regarding this mode of installation of MS Office XP Professional. The full administrative installation of MS Office XP Professional requires approximately 650 MB of disk space. </p><p> When the MS Office XP Professional product has been installed to the administrative network share, the product can be installed onto a workstation by executing the normal setup program. The installation process now provides a choice to either perform a minimum installation or a full local installation. A full local installation takes over 100 MB of disk space. A network workstation (minimum) installation requires typically 10-15 MB of local disk space. In the later case, when the applications are used, they load over the network. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2524802"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2524810"></a> Microsoft Office Service Packs can be unpacked to update an administrative share. This makes it possible to update MS Office XP Professional for all users from a single installation of the service pack and generally circumvents the need to run updates on each network Windows client. </p><p> The default location for MS Office XP Professional data files can be set through registry editing or by way of configuration options inside each Office XP Professional application. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2524833"></a> OpenOffice.Org OpenOffice Version 1.1.0 is capable of being installed locally. It can also be installed to run off a network share. The latter is a most desirable solution for office-bound network users and for administrative staff alike. It permits quick and easy updates to be rolled out to all users with a minimum of disruption and with maximum flexibility. </p><p> The process for installation of administrative shared OpenOffice involves download of the distribution ZIP file, followed by extraction of the ZIP file into a temporary disk area. When fully extracted using the un-zipping tool of your choosing, change into the Windows installation files directory then execute <span><b class="command">setup -net</b></span>. You are prompted on screen for the target installation location. This is the administrative share point. The full administrative OpenOffice share takes approximately 150 MB of disk space. </p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2524867"></a>Comments Regarding Software Terms of Use</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p> Many single-user products can be installed into an administrative share, but personal versions of products such as Microsoft Office XP Professional do not permit this. Many people do not like terms of use typical with commercial products, so a few comments regarding software licensing seem important and thus are included below. </p><p> Please do not use an administrative installation of proprietary and commercially licensed software products to violate the copyright holders' property. All software is licensed, particularly software that is licensed for use free of charge. All software is the property of the copyright holder, unless the author and/or copyright holder has explicitly disavowed ownership and has placed the software into the public domain. </p><p> Software that is under the GNU General Public License, like proprietary software, is licensed in a way that restricts use. For example, if you modify GPL software and then distribute the binary version of your modifications, you must offer to provide the source code as well. This is a form of restriction that is designed to maintain the momentum of the diffusion of technology and to protect against the withholding of innovations. </p><p> Commercial and proprietary software generally restrict use to those who have paid the license fees and who comply with the licensee's terms of use. Software that is released under the GNU General Public License is restricted to particular terms and conditions also. Whatever the licensing terms may be, if you do not approve of the terms of use, please do not use the software. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2524915"></a> Samba is provided under the terms of the GNU GPL Version 2, a copy of which is provided with the source code. </p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ch4wincfg"></a>Windows Client Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p> Christine needs to roll out 130 new desktop systems. There is no doubt that she also needs to reinstall many of the notebook computers that will be recycled for use with the new network configuration. The smartest way to handle the challenge of the roll-out program is to build a staged system for each type of target machine, and then use an image replication tool such as Norton Ghost (enterprise edition) to replicate the staged machine to its target desktops. The same can be done with notebook computers as long as they are identical or sufficiently similar. </p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p> Install MS Windows XP Professional. During installation, configure the client to use DHCP for TCP/IP protocol configuration. <a class="indexterm" name="id2524961"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2524968"></a> DHCP configures all Windows clients to use the WINS Server address that has been defined for the local subnet. </p></li><li><p> Join the Windows Domain <tt class="constant">PROMISES</tt>. Use the Domain Administrator user name <tt class="constant">root</tt> and the SMB password you assigned to this account. A detailed step-by-step procedure for joining a Windows 200x/XP Professional client to a Windows Domain is given in <a href="appendix.html#domjoin" title="Joining a Domain: Windows 200x/XP Professional">???</a>. Reboot the machine as prompted and then logon using the Domain Administrator account (<tt class="constant">root</tt>. </p></li><li><p> Verify <tt class="constant">DIAMOND</tt> is visible in <span class="guimenu">My Network Places</span>, that it is possible to connect to it and see the shares <span class="guimenuitem">accounts</span>, <span class="guimenuitem">apps</span>, and <span class="guimenuitem">finsvcs</span>, and that it is possible to open each share to reveal its contents. </p></li><li><p> Create a drive mapping to the <tt class="constant">apps</tt> share on the server <tt class="constant">DIAMOND</tt>. </p></li><li><p> Perform an administrative installation of each application to be used. Select the options that you wish to use. Of course, you can choose to run applications over the network, correct? </p></li><li><p> Now install all applications to be installed locally. Typical tools includes: Adobe Acrobat, NTP-based time synchronization software, drivers for specific local devices such as finger-print scanners, and the like. Probably the most significant application for local installation is anti-virus software. </p></li><li><p> Now install all four printers onto the staging system. The printers you install include the Accounting department HP LaserJet 6 and Minolta QMS Magicolor printers. You will also configure identical printers that are located in the financial services department. Install printers on each machine using the following steps: </p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p> Click <span class="guimenu">Start</span>-><span class="guimenuitem">Settings</span>-><span class="guimenuitem">Printers</span>+<span class="guiicon">Add Printer</span>+<span class="guibutton">Next</span>. Do not click <span class="guimenuitem">Network printer</span>. Ensure that <span class="guimenuitem">Local printer</span> is selected. </p></li><li><p> Click <span class="guibutton">Next</span>. In the panel labeled <span class="guimenuitem">Manufacturer:</span>, select <tt class="constant">HP</tt>. In the <span class="guimenuitem">Printers:</span> panel, select the printer called <tt class="constant">HP LaserJet 6</tt>. Click <span class="guibutton">Next</span>. </p></li><li><p> In the panel labeled <span class="guimenuitem">Available ports:</span>, select <tt class="constant">FILE:</tt>. Accept the default printer name by clicking <span class="guibutton">Next</span>. When asked, “<span class="quote"><span class="emphasis"><em>Would you like to print a test page?,</em></span></span>” click <span class="guimenuitem">No</span>. Click <span class="guibutton">Finish</span>. </p></li><li><p> You may be prompted for the name of a file to print to. If so, close the dialog panel. Right-click <span class="guiicon">HP LaserJet 6</span>-><span class="guimenuitem">Properties</span>. </p></li><li><p> In the panel labeled <span class="guimenuitem">Network</span>, enter the name of the print queue on the Samba server as follows: <tt class="constant">\\DIAMOND\hplj6a</tt>. Click <span class="guibutton">OK</span>+<span class="guibutton">OK</span> to complete the installation. </p></li><li><p> Repeat the printer installation steps above for both HP LaserJet 6 printers as well as for both QMS Magicolor laser printers. </p></li></ol></div><p> </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2525311"></a> When you are satisfied that the staging systems are complete, use the appropriate procedure to remove the client from the domain. Reboot the system and then log on as the local administrator and clean out all temporary files stored on the system. Before shutting down, use the disk defragmentation tool so that the file system is in an optimal condition before replication. </p></li><li><p> Boot the workstation using the Norton (Symantec) Ghosting diskette (or CD-ROM) and image the machine to a network share on the server. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id2525341"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id2525353"></a> You may now replicate the image to the target machines using the appropriate Norton Ghost procedure. Make sure to use the procedure that ensures each machine has a unique Windows security identifier (SID). When the installation of the disk image has completed, boot the PC. </p></li><li><p> Log onto the machine as the local Administrator (the only option), and join the machine to the Domain following the procedure set out in <a href="appendix.html#domjoin" title="Joining a Domain: Windows 200x/XP Professional">???</a>. The system is now ready for the user to logon, providing you have created a network logon account for that user, of course. </p></li><li><p> Instruct all users to log onto the workstation using their assigned user name and password. </p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2525395"></a>Key Points Learned</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p> How do you feel, Bob? You have built a capable network, a truly ambitious project. Just as well, you have Christine to help you. Future network updates can be handled by your staff. You must be a satisfied manager. Let's review the achievements. </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p> A simple firewall has been configured to protect the server in the event that the ISP firewall service should fail. </p></li><li><p> The Samba configuration uses measures to ensure that only local network users can connect to SMB/CIFS services. </p></li><li><p> Samba uses the new <tt class="constant">tdbsam</tt> passdb backend facility. Considerable complexity was added to Samba functionality. </p></li><li><p> A DHCP server was configured to implement dynamic DNS (DDNS) updates to the DNS server. </p></li><li><p> The DNS server was configured to permit DDNS only for local network clients. This server also provides primary DNS services for the company Internet presence. </p></li><li><p> You introduced an application server, as well as the concept of cloning a Windows client in order to effect improved standardization of desktops and to reduce the costs of network management. </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2525457"></a>Questions and Answers</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p> </p><div class="qandaset"><dl><dt> <a href="secure.html#id2525473"> What is the maximum number of account entries that the tdbsam passdb backend can handle? </a></dt><dt> <a href="secure.html#id2525541"> Would Samba operate any better if the OS Level is set to a value higher than 35? </a></dt><dt> <a href="secure.html#id2525562"> Why in this example have you provided UNIX group to Windows Group mappings for only Domain Groups? </a></dt><dt> <a href="secure.html#id2525585"> Why has a path been specified in the IPC$ share? </a></dt><dt> <a href="secure.html#id2525614"> Why does the smb.conf file in this exercise include an entry for smb portssmb ports? </a></dt><dt> <a href="secure.html#id2525655"> What is the difference between a print queue and a printer? </a></dt><dt> <a href="secure.html#id2525691"> Can all MS Windows application software be installed onto an application server share? </a></dt><dt> <a href="secure.html#id2525716"> Why use dynamic DNS (DDNS)? </a></dt><dt> <a href="secure.html#id2525736"> Why would you use WINS as well as DNS-based name resolution? </a></dt><dt> <a href="secure.html#id2525820"> What are the major benefits of using an application server? </a></dt></dl><table border="0" summary="Q and A Set"><col align="left" width="1%"><tbody><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id2525473"></a><a name="id2525475"></a><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> What is the maximum number of account entries that the <i class="parameter"><tt>tdbsam</tt></i> passdb backend can handle? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> The tdb data structure and support system can handle more entries than the number of accounts that are possible on most UNIX systems. There is a practical limit that would come into play long before a performance boundary would be anticipated. That practical limit is controlled by the nature of Windows networking. There are few Windows file and print servers that can handle more than a few hundred concurrent client connections. The key limiting factors that predicate off-loading of services to additional servers are memory capacity, the number of CPUs, network bandwidth, and disk I/O limitations. All of these are readily exhausted by just a few hundred concurrent active users. Such bottlenecks can best be removed by segmentation of the network (distributing network load across multiple networks). </p><p> As the network grows, it becomes necessary to provide additional authentication servers (domain controllers). The tdbsam is limited to a single machine and cannot be reliably replicated. This means that practical limits on network design dictate the point at which a distributed passdb backend is required; at this time, there is no real alternative other than ldapsam (LDAP). </p><p> The guideline provided in <span class="emphasis"><em>TOSHARG</em></span>, Chapter 10, Section 10.1.2, is to limit the number of accounts in the tdbsam backend to 250. This is the point at which most networks tend to want backup domain controllers (BDCs). Samba-3 does not provide a mechanism for replicating tdbsam data so it can be used by a BDC. The limitation of 250 users per tdbsam is predicated only on the need for replication not on the limits<sup>[<a name="id2525531" href="#ftn.id2525531">8</a>]</sup> of the tdbsam backend itself. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id2525541"></a><a name="id2525543"></a><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> Would Samba operate any better if the OS Level is set to a value higher than 35? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> No. MS Windows workstations and servers do not use a value higher than 33. Setting this to a value of 35 already assures Samba of precedence over MS Windows products in browser elections. There is no gain to be had from setting this higher. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id2525562"></a><a name="id2525565"></a><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> Why in this example have you provided UNIX group to Windows Group mappings for only Domain Groups? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> At this time, Samba has the capacity to use only Domain Groups mappings. It is possible that at a later date Samba may make use of Windows Local Groups, as well as of the Active Directory special Groups. Proper operation requires Domain Groups to be mapped to valid UNIX groups. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id2525585"></a><a name="id2525587"></a><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> Why has a path been specified in the <i class="parameter"><tt>IPC$</tt></i> share? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> This is done so that in the event that a software bug may permit a client connection to the IPC$ share to obtain access to the file system, it does so at a location that presents least risk. Under normal operation this type of paranoid step should not be necessary. The use of this parameter should not be necessary. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id2525614"></a><a name="id2525616"></a><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> Why does the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file in this exercise include an entry for <a class="indexterm" name="id2525627"></a>smb ports? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> The default order by which Samba-3 attempts to communicate with MS Windows clients is via port 445 (the TCP port used by Windows clients when NetBIOS-less SMB over TCP/IP is in use). TCP port 139 is the primary port used for NetBIOS over TCP/IP. In this configuration Windows network operations are predicated around NetBIOS over TCP/IP. By specifying the use of port 139 before port 445, the intent is to reduce unsuccessful service connection attempts. The result of this is improved network performance. Where Samba-3 is installed as an Active Directory Domain member, the default behavior is highly beneficial and should not be changed. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id2525655"></a><a name="id2525657"></a><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> What is the difference between a print queue and a printer? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> A printer is a physical device that is connected either directly to the network or to a computer via a serial, parallel, or USB connection so that print jobs can be submitted to it to create a hard copy printout. Network attached printers that use TCP/IP-based printing generally accept a single print data stream and block all secondary attempts to dispatch jobs concurrently to the same device. If many clients were to concurrently print directly via TCP/IP to the same printer, it would result in a huge amount of network traffic through continually failing connection attempts. </p><p> A print server (like CUPS or LPR/LPD) accepts multiple concurrent input streams or print requests. When the data stream has been fully received the input stream is closed, the job is then submitted to a sequential print queue where the job is stored until the printer is ready to receive the job. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id2525691"></a><a name="id2525693"></a><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> Can all MS Windows application software be installed onto an application server share? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> Much older Windows software is not compatible with installation to and execution off an application server. Enterprise versions of Microsoft Office XP Professional can be installed to an application server. Retail consumer versions of Microsoft Office XP Professional do not permit installation to an application server share and can be installed and used only to/from a local workstation hard disk. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id2525716"></a><a name="id2525718"></a><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> Why use dynamic DNS (DDNS)? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> When DDNS records are updated directly from the DHCP server, it is possible for network clients that are not NetBIOS enabled, and thus cannot use WINS, to locate Windows clients via DNS. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id2525736"></a><a name="id2525738"></a><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> Why would you use WINS as well as DNS-based name resolution? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> WINS is to NetBIOS names as DNS is to fully qualified domain names (FQDN). The FQDN is a name like “<span class="quote"><span class="emphasis"><em>myhost.mydomain.tld,</em></span></span>” where <i class="parameter"><tt>tld</tt></i> means <tt class="constant">top level domain</tt>. A FQDN is a long hand but easy to remember expression that may be up to 1024 characters in length and that represents an IP address. A NetBIOS name is always 16 characters long. The 16<sup>th</sup> character is a name type indicator. A specific name type is registered<sup>[<a name="id2525774" href="#ftn.id2525774">9</a>]</sup> for each type of service that is provided by the Windows server or client and that may be registered where a WINS server is in use. </p><p> WINS is a mechanism by which a client may locate the IP Address that corresponds to a NetBIOS name. The WINS server may be queried to obtain the IP Address for a NetBIOS name that includes a particular registered NetBIOS name type. DNS does not provide a mechanism that permits handling of the NetBIOS name type information. </p><p> DNS provides a mechanism by which TCP/IP clients may locate the IP address of a particular hostname or service name that has been registered in the DNS database for a particular domain. A DNS server has limited scope of control and is said to be authoritative for the zone over which it has control. </p><p> Windows 200x Active Directory requires the registration in the DNS zone for the domain it controls of service locator<sup>[<a name="id2525807" href="#ftn.id2525807">10</a>]</sup> records that Windows clients and servers will use to locate Kerberos and LDAP services. ADS also requires the registration of special records that are called global catalog (GC) entries and site entries by which domain controllers and other essential ADS servers may be located. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id2525820"></a><a name="id2525822"></a><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> What are the major benefits of using an application server? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><b></b></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> The use of an application server can significantly reduce application update maintenance. By providing a centralized application share, software updates need be applied to only one location for all major applications used. This results in faster update roll-outs and significantly better application usage control. </p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br><hr width="100" align="left"><div class="footnote"><span class="emphasis"><em><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2519981" href="#id2519981">5</a>] </sup>TOSHARG</em></span><span class="emphasis"><em>TOSHARG</em></span></div><div class="footnote"></div><div class="footnote"><span class="emphasis"><em><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2524361" href="#id2524361">7</a>] </sup>TOSHARG</em></span><span><b class="command">smbd</b></span><span><b class="command">smbd</b></span></div><div class="footnote"></div><div class="footnote"><span class="emphasis"><em><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2525774" href="#id2525774">9</a>] </sup>TOSHARG</em></span></div><div class="footnote"></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="small.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="index.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="Big500users.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 3. 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