cp.c   [plain text]

/***********************************************************************
*                                                                      *
*               This software is part of the ast package               *
*          Copyright (c) 1992-2011 AT&T Intellectual Property          *
*                      and is licensed under the                       *
*                  Common Public License, Version 1.0                  *
*                    by AT&T Intellectual Property                     *
*                                                                      *
*                A copy of the License is available at                 *
*            http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.txt             *
*         (with md5 checksum 059e8cd6165cb4c31e351f2b69388fd9)         *
*                                                                      *
*              Information and Software Systems Research               *
*                            AT&T Research                             *
*                           Florham Park NJ                            *
*                                                                      *
*                 Glenn Fowler <gsf@research.att.com>                  *
*                  David Korn <dgk@research.att.com>                   *
*                                                                      *
***********************************************************************/
#pragma prototyped
/*
 * Glenn Fowler
 * AT&T Research
 *
 * cp/ln/mv -- copy/link/move files
 */

static const char usage_head[] =
"[-?@(#)$Id: cp (AT&T Research) 2010-10-20 $\n]"
USAGE_LICENSE
;

static const char usage_cp[] =
"[+NAME?cp - copy files]"
"[+DESCRIPTION?If the last argument names an existing directory, \bcp\b "
    "copies each \afile\a into a file with the same name in that directory. "
    "Otherwise, if only two files are given, \bcp\b copies the first onto "
    "the second. It is an error if the last argument is not a directory and "
    "more than two files are given. By default directories are not copied.]"

"[a:archive?Preserve as much as possible of the structure and attributes "
    "of the original files in the copy. Equivalent to \b--physical\b "
    "\b--preserve\b \b--recursive\b.]"
"[A:attributes?Preserve selected file attributes:]:[eipt]"
    "{"
        "[+e?Everything permissible.]"
        "[+i?Owner uid and gid.]"
        "[+p?Permissions.]"
        "[+t?Access and modify times.]"
    "}"
"[p:preserve?Preserve file owner, group, permissions and timestamps.]"
"[h:hierarchy|parents?Form the name of each destination file by "
    "appending to the target directory a slash and the specified source file "
    "name. The last argument must be an existing directory. Missing "
    "destination directories are created.]"
"[H:metaphysical?Follow command argument symbolic links, otherwise don't "
    "follow.]"
"[l:link?Make hard links to destination files instead of copies.]"
"[U:remove-destination?Remove existing destination files before copying.]"
"[L:logical|dereference?Follow symbolic links and copy the files they "
    "point to.]"
"[P|d:physical|nodereference?Don't follow symbolic links; copy symbolic "
    "rather than the files they point to.]"
;

static const char usage_ln[] =
"[+NAME?ln - link files]"
"[+DESCRIPTION?If the last argument names an existing directory, \bln\b "
    "links each \afile\a into a file with the same name in that directory. "
    "Otherwise, if only two files are given, \bln\b links the first onto the "
    "second. It is an error if the last argument is not a directory and more "
    "than two files are given. By default directories are not linked.]"
;

static const char usage_mv[] =
"[+NAME?mv - rename files]"
"[+DESCRIPTION?If the last argument names an existing directory, \bmv\b "
    "renames each \afile\a into a file with the same name in that directory. "
    "Otherwise, if only two files are given, \bmv\b renames the first onto "
    "the second. It is an error if the last argument is not a directory and "
    "more than two files are given. If a source and destination file reside "
    "on different filesystems then \bmv\b copies the file contents to the "
    "destination and then deletes the source file.]"

"[U:remove-destination?Remove existing destination files before moving.]"
;

static const char usage_tail[] =
"[f:force?Replace existing destination files.]"
"[i:interactive|prompt?Prompt whether to replace existing destination "
    "files. An affirmative response (\by\b or \bY\b) replaces the file, a "
    "quit response (\bq\b or \bQ\b) exits immediately, and all other "
    "responses skip the file.]"
"[r|R:recursive?Operate on the contents of directories recursively.]"
"[s:symlink|symbolic-link?Make symbolic links to destination files.]"
"[u:update?Replace a destination file only if its modification time is "
    "older than the corresponding source file modification time.]"
"[v:verbose?Print the name of each file before operating on it.]"
"[F:fsync|sync?\bfsync\b(2) each file after it is copied.]"
"[B:backup?Make backups of files that are about to be replaced. "
    "\b--suffix\b sets the backup suffix. The backup type is determined in "
    "this order: this option, the \bVERSION_CONTROL\b environment variable, "
    "or the default value \bexisting\b. \atype\a may be one of:]:?[type]"
    "{"
        "[+numbered|t?Always make numbered backups. The numbered backup "
            "suffix is \b.\aSNS\a, where \aS\a is the \bbackup-suffix\b and "
            "\aN\a is the version number, starting at 1, incremented with "
            "each version.]"
        "[+existing|nil?Make numbered backups of files that already have "
            "them, otherwise simple backups.]"
        "[+simple|never?Always make simple backups.]"
	"[+none|off?Disable backups.]"
    "}"
"[S:suffix?A backup file is made by renaming the file to the same name "
    "with the backup suffix appended. The backup suffix is determined in "
    "this order: this option, the \bSIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX\b, environment "
    "variable, or the default value \b~\b.]:[suffix]"
"[b?\b--backup\b using the type in the \bVERSION_CONTROL\b environment "
    "variable.]"
"[x|X|l:xdev|local|mount|one-file-system?Do not descend into directories "
    "in different filesystems than their parents.]"

"\n"
"\nsource destination\n"
"file ... directory\n"
"\n"

"[+SEE ALSO?\bpax\b(1), \bfsync\b(2), \brename\b(2), \bunlink\b(2),"
"	\bremove\b(3)]"
;

#include <cmd.h>
#include <ls.h>
#include <times.h>
#include <fts_fix.h>
#include <fs3d.h>
#include <hashkey.h>
#include <stk.h>
#include <tmx.h>

#define PATH_CHUNK	256

#define CP		1
#define LN		2
#define MV		3

#define PRESERVE_IDS	0x1		/* preserve uid gid		*/
#define PRESERVE_PERM	0x2		/* preserve permissions		*/
#define PRESERVE_TIME	0x4		/* preserve times		*/

#define BAK_replace	0		/* no backup -- just replace	*/
#define BAK_existing	1		/* number if already else simple*/
#define BAK_number	2		/* append .suffix number suffix	*/
#define BAK_simple	3		/* append suffix		*/

typedef struct State_s			/* program state		*/
{
	void*		context;	/* builtin context		*/
	int		backup;		/* BAK_* type			*/
	int		directory;	/* destination is directory	*/
	int		flags;		/* FTS_* flags			*/
	int		force;		/* force approval		*/
	int		fs3d;		/* 3d fs enabled		*/
	int		hierarchy;	/* preserve hierarchy		*/
	int		interactive;	/* prompt for approval		*/
	int		missmode;	/* default missing dir mode	*/
	int		official;	/* move to next view		*/
	int		op;		/* {CP,LN,MV}			*/
	int		perm;		/* permissions to preserve	*/
	int		postsiz;	/* state.path post index	*/
	int		presiz;		/* state.path pre index		*/
	int		preserve;	/* preserve { ids perms times }	*/
	int		recursive;	/* subtrees too			*/
	int		remove;		/* remove destination before op	*/
	int		suflen;		/* strlen(state.suffix)		*/
	int		sync;		/* fsync() each file after copy	*/
	int		uid;		/* caller uid			*/
	int		update;		/* replace only if newer	*/
	int		verbose;	/* list each file before op	*/
	int		wflags;		/* open() for write flags	*/

	int		(*link)(const char*, const char*);	/* link	*/
	int		(*stat)(const char*, struct stat*);	/* stat	*/

#define INITSTATE	pathsiz		/* (re)init state before this	*/
	int		pathsiz;	/* state.path buffer size	*/


	char*		path;		/* to pathname buffer		*/
	char*		opname;		/* state.op message string	*/
	char*		suffix;		/* backup suffix		*/

	Sfio_t*		tmp;		/* tmp string stream		*/

	char		text[PATH_MAX];	/* link text buffer		*/
} State_t;

static const char	dot[2] = { '.' };

/*
 * preserve support
 */

static void
preserve(State_t* state, const char* path, struct stat* ns, struct stat* os)
{
	int	n;

	if ((state->preserve & PRESERVE_TIME) && tmxtouch(path, tmxgetatime(os), tmxgetmtime(os), TMX_NOTIME, 0))
		error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot reset access and modify times", path);
	if (state->preserve & PRESERVE_IDS)
	{
		n = ((ns->st_uid != os->st_uid) << 1) | (ns->st_gid != os->st_gid);
		if (n && chown(state->path, os->st_uid, os->st_gid))
			switch (n)
			{
			case 01:
				error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot reset group to %s", path, fmtgid(os->st_gid));
				break;
			case 02:
				error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot reset owner to %s", path, fmtuid(os->st_uid));
				break;
			case 03:
				error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot reset owner to %s and group to %s", path, fmtuid(os->st_uid), fmtgid(os->st_gid));
				break;
			}
	}
}

/*
 * visit a single file and state.op to the destination
 */

static int
visit(State_t* state, register FTSENT* ent)
{
	register char*	base;
	register int	n;
	register int	len;
	int		rm;
	int		rfd;
	int		wfd;
	int		m;
	int		v;
	char*		s;
	char*		e;
	char*		protection;
	Sfio_t*		ip;
	Sfio_t*		op;
	FTS*		fts;
	FTSENT*		sub;
	struct stat	st;

	if (ent->fts_info == FTS_DC)
	{
		error(2, "%s: directory causes cycle", ent->fts_path);
		fts_set(NiL, ent, FTS_SKIP);
		return 0;
	}
	if (ent->fts_level == 0)
	{
		base = ent->fts_name;
		len = ent->fts_namelen;
		if (state->hierarchy)
			state->presiz = -1;
		else
		{
			state->presiz = ent->fts_pathlen;
			while (*base == '.' && *(base + 1) == '/')
				for (base += 2; *base == '/'; base++);
			if (*base == '.' && !*(base + 1))
				state->presiz--;
			else if (*base)
				state->presiz -= base - ent->fts_name;
			base = ent->fts_name + len;
			while (base > ent->fts_name && *(base - 1) == '/')
				base--;
			while (base > ent->fts_name && *(base - 1) != '/')
				base--;
			len -= base - ent->fts_name;
			if (state->directory)
				state->presiz -= len + 1;
		}
	}
	else
	{
		base = ent->fts_path + state->presiz + 1;
		len = ent->fts_pathlen - state->presiz - 1;
	}
	len++;
	if (state->directory)
	{
		if ((state->postsiz + len) > state->pathsiz && !(state->path = newof(state->path, char, state->pathsiz = roundof(state->postsiz + len, PATH_CHUNK), 0)))
			error(ERROR_SYSTEM|3, "out of space");
		if (state->hierarchy && ent->fts_level == 0 && strchr(base, '/'))
		{
			s = state->path + state->postsiz;
			memcpy(s, base, len);
			while (e = strchr(s, '/'))
			{
				*e = 0;
				if (access(state->path, F_OK))
				{
					st.st_mode = state->missmode;
					if (s = strrchr(s, '/'))
					{
						*s = 0;
						stat(state->path, &st);
						*s = '/';
					}
					if (mkdir(state->path, st.st_mode & S_IPERM))
					{
						error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot create directory -- %s ignored", state->path, ent->fts_path);
						fts_set(NiL, ent, FTS_SKIP);
						return 0;
					}
				}
				*e++ = '/';
				s = e;
			}
		}
	}
	switch (ent->fts_info)
	{
	case FTS_DP:
		if (state->preserve && state->op != LN || ent->fts_level > 0 && (ent->fts_statp->st_mode & S_IRWXU) != S_IRWXU)
		{
			if (len && ent->fts_level > 0)
				memcpy(state->path + state->postsiz, base, len);
			else
				state->path[state->postsiz] = 0;
			if (stat(state->path, &st))
				error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot stat", state->path);
			else
			{
				if ((ent->fts_statp->st_mode & S_IPERM) != (st.st_mode & S_IPERM) && chmod(state->path, ent->fts_statp->st_mode & S_IPERM))
					error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot reset directory mode to %s", state->path, fmtmode(st.st_mode & S_IPERM, 0) + 1);
				if (state->preserve & (PRESERVE_IDS|PRESERVE_TIME))
					preserve(state, state->path, &st, ent->fts_statp);
			}
		}
		return 0;
	case FTS_DNR:
	case FTS_DNX:
	case FTS_D:
		if (!state->recursive)
		{
			fts_set(NiL, ent, FTS_SKIP);
			if (state->op == CP)
				error(1, "%s: directory -- copying as plain file", ent->fts_path);
			else if (state->link == link && !state->force)
			{
				error(2, "%s: cannot link directory", ent->fts_path);
				return 0;
			}
		}
		else switch (ent->fts_info)
		{
		case FTS_DNR:
			error(2, "%s: cannot read directory", ent->fts_path);
			return 0;
		case FTS_DNX:
			error(2, "%s: cannot search directory", ent->fts_path);
			fts_set(NiL, ent, FTS_SKIP);

			/*FALLTHROUGH*/
		case FTS_D:
			if (state->directory)
				memcpy(state->path + state->postsiz, base, len);
			if (!(*state->stat)(state->path, &st))
			{
				if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
				{
					error(2, "%s: not a directory -- %s ignored", state->path, ent->fts_path);
					return 0;
				}
			}
			else if (mkdir(state->path, (ent->fts_statp->st_mode & S_IPERM)|(ent->fts_info == FTS_D ? S_IRWXU : 0)))
			{
				error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot create directory -- %s ignored", state->path, ent->fts_path);
				fts_set(NiL, ent, FTS_SKIP);
			}
			if (!state->directory)
			{
				state->directory = 1;
				state->path[state->postsiz++] = '/';
				state->presiz--;
			}
			return 0;
		}
		break;
	case FTS_ERR:
	case FTS_NS:
	case FTS_SLNONE:
		if (state->link != pathsetlink)
		{
			error(2, "%s: not found", ent->fts_path);
			return 0;
		}
		break;
#if 0
	case FTS_SL:
		if (state->op == CP)
		{
			error(2, "%s: cannot copy non-terminal symbolic link", ent->fts_path);
			return 0;
		}
		break;
#endif
	}
	if (state->directory)
		memcpy(state->path + state->postsiz, base, len);
	if ((*state->stat)(state->path, &st))
		st.st_mode = 0;
	else if (state->update && !S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) && (unsigned long)ent->fts_statp->st_mtime < (unsigned long)st.st_mtime)
	{
		fts_set(NiL, ent, FTS_SKIP);
		return 0;
	}
	else if (!state->fs3d || !iview(&st))
	{
		/*
		 * target is in top 3d view
		 */

		if (state->op != LN && st.st_dev == ent->fts_statp->st_dev && st.st_ino == ent->fts_statp->st_ino)
		{
			if (state->op == MV)
			{
				/*
				 * let rename() handle it
				 */

				if (state->verbose)
					sfputr(sfstdout, state->path, '\n');
				goto operate;
			}
			if (!state->official)
				error(2, "%s: identical to %s", state->path, ent->fts_path);
			return 0;
		}
		if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
		{
			error(2, "%s: cannot %s existing directory", state->path, state->opname);
			return 0;
		}
		if (state->verbose)
			sfputr(sfstdout, state->path, '\n');
		rm = state->remove || ent->fts_info == FTS_SL;
		if (!rm || !state->force)
		{
			if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode) && (n = -1) || (n = open(state->path, O_RDWR|O_BINARY)) >= 0)
			{
				if (n >= 0)
					close(n);
				if (state->force)
					/* ok */;
				else if (state->interactive)
				{
					if (astquery(-1, "%s %s? ", state->opname, state->path) < 0 || sh_checksig(state->context))
						return 0;
				}
				else if (state->op == LN)
				{
					error(2, "%s: cannot %s existing file", state->path, state->opname);
					return 0;
				}
			}
			else if (state->force)
				rm = 1;
			else
			{
				protection =
#ifdef ETXTBSY
				    errno == ETXTBSY ? "``running program''" : 
#endif
				    st.st_uid != state->uid ? "``not owner''" :
				    fmtmode(st.st_mode & (S_IRWXU|S_IRWXG|S_IRWXO), 0) + 1;
				if (state->interactive)
				{
					if (astquery(-1, "override protection %s for %s? ", protection, state->path) < 0 || sh_checksig(state->context))
						return 0;
					rm = 1;
				}
				else if (!rm)
				{
					error(2, "%s: cannot %s %s protection", state->path, state->opname, protection);
					return 0;
				}
			}
		}
		switch (state->backup)
		{
		case BAK_existing:
		case BAK_number:
			v = 0;
			if (s = strrchr(state->path, '/'))
			{
				e = state->path;
				*s++ = 0;
			}
			else
			{
				e = (char*)dot;
				s = state->path;
			}
			n = strlen(s);
			if (fts = fts_open((char**)e, FTS_NOCHDIR|FTS_ONEPATH|FTS_PHYSICAL|FTS_NOPOSTORDER|FTS_NOSTAT|FTS_NOSEEDOTDIR, NiL))
			{
				while (sub = fts_read(fts))
				{
					if (strneq(s, sub->fts_name, n) && sub->fts_name[n] == '.' && strneq(sub->fts_name + n + 1, state->suffix, state->suflen) && (m = strtol(sub->fts_name + n + state->suflen + 1, &e, 10)) && streq(e, state->suffix) && m > v)
						v = m;
					if (sub->fts_level)
						fts_set(NiL, sub, FTS_SKIP);
				}
				fts_close(fts);
			}
			if (s != state->path)
				*--s = '/';
			if (v || state->backup == BAK_number)
			{
				sfprintf(state->tmp, "%s.%s%d%s", state->path, state->suffix, v + 1, state->suffix);
				goto backup;
			}
			/*FALLTHROUGH*/
		case BAK_simple:
			sfprintf(state->tmp, "%s%s", state->path, state->suffix);
		backup:
			if (!(s = sfstruse(state->tmp)))
				error(ERROR_SYSTEM|3, "%s: out of space", state->path);
			if (rename(state->path, s))
			{
				error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot backup to %s", state->path, s);
				return 0;
			}
			break;
		default:
			if (rm && remove(state->path))
			{
				error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot remove", state->path);
				return 0;
			}
			break;
		}
	}
 operate:
	switch (state->op)
	{
	case MV:
		for (;;)
		{
			if (!rename(ent->fts_path, state->path))
				return 0;
			if (errno == ENOENT)
				rm = 1;
			else if (!rm && st.st_mode && !remove(state->path))
			{
				rm = 1;
				continue;
			}
			if (errno != EXDEV && (rm || S_ISDIR(ent->fts_statp->st_mode)))
			{
				error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot rename to %s", ent->fts_path, state->path);
				return 0;
			}
			else
				break;
		}
		/*FALLTHROUGH*/
	case CP:
		if (S_ISLNK(ent->fts_statp->st_mode))
		{
			if ((n = pathgetlink(ent->fts_path, state->text, sizeof(state->text) - 1)) < 0)
			{
				error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot read symbolic link text", ent->fts_path);
				return 0;
			}
			state->text[n] = 0;
			if (pathsetlink(state->text, state->path))
			{
				error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot copy symbolic link to %s", ent->fts_path, state->path);
				return 0;
			}
		}
		else if (state->op == CP || S_ISREG(ent->fts_statp->st_mode) || S_ISDIR(ent->fts_statp->st_mode))
		{
			if (ent->fts_statp->st_size > 0 && (rfd = open(ent->fts_path, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY)) < 0)
			{
				error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot read", ent->fts_path);
				return 0;
			}
			else if ((wfd = open(state->path, st.st_mode ? (state->wflags & ~O_EXCL) : state->wflags, ent->fts_statp->st_mode & state->perm)) < 0)
			{
				error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot write", state->path);
				if (ent->fts_statp->st_size > 0)
					close(rfd);
				return 0;
			}
			else if (ent->fts_statp->st_size > 0)
			{
				if (!(ip = sfnew(NiL, NiL, SF_UNBOUND, rfd, SF_READ)))
				{
					error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: %s read stream error", ent->fts_path, state->path);
					close(rfd);
					close(wfd);
				}
				else
				{
					n = 0;
					if (!(op = sfnew(NiL, NiL, SF_UNBOUND, wfd, SF_WRITE)))
					{
						error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: %s write stream error", ent->fts_path, state->path);
						close(wfd);
						sfclose(ip);
					}
					else
					{
						if (sfmove(ip, op, (Sfoff_t)SF_UNBOUND, -1) < 0)
							n |= 3;
						if (!sfeof(ip))
							n |= 1;
						if (sfsync(op) || state->sync && fsync(wfd) || sfclose(op))
							n |= 2;
						if (sfclose(ip))
							n |= 1;
						if (n)
							error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: %s %s error", ent->fts_path, state->path, n == 1 ? ERROR_translate(0, 0, 0, "read") : n == 2 ? ERROR_translate(0, 0, 0, "write") : ERROR_translate(0, 0, 0, "io"));
					}
				}
			}
			else
				close(wfd);
		}
		else if (S_ISBLK(ent->fts_statp->st_mode) || S_ISCHR(ent->fts_statp->st_mode) || S_ISFIFO(ent->fts_statp->st_mode))
		{
			if (mknod(state->path, ent->fts_statp->st_mode, idevice(ent->fts_statp)))
			{
				error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot copy special file to %s", ent->fts_path, state->path);
				return 0;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			error(2, "%s: cannot copy -- unknown file type 0%o", ent->fts_path, S_ITYPE(ent->fts_statp->st_mode));
			return 0;
		}
		if (state->preserve)
		{
			if (ent->fts_info != FTS_SL)
			{
				if (stat(state->path, &st))
					error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot stat", state->path);
				else
				{
					if ((state->preserve & PRESERVE_PERM) && (ent->fts_statp->st_mode & state->perm) != (st.st_mode & state->perm) && chmod(state->path, ent->fts_statp->st_mode & state->perm))
						error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot reset mode to %s", state->path, fmtmode(st.st_mode & state->perm, 0) + 1);
					if (state->preserve & (PRESERVE_IDS|PRESERVE_TIME))
						preserve(state, state->path, &st, ent->fts_statp);
				}
			}
			if (state->op == MV && remove(ent->fts_path))
				error(ERROR_SYSTEM|1, "%s: cannot remove", ent->fts_path);
		}
		break;
	case LN:
		if ((*state->link)(ent->fts_path, state->path))
			error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot link to %s", ent->fts_path, state->path);
		break;
	}
	return 0;
}

int
b_cp(int argc, register char** argv, void* context)
{
	register char*	file;
	register char*	s;
	char**		v;
	char*		backup_type;
	FTS*		fts;
	FTSENT*		ent;
	const char*	usage;
	int		path_resolve;
	int		standard;
	struct stat	st;
	State_t*	state;
	Shbltin_t*	sh;
	void*		cleanup = context;

	cmdinit(argc, argv, context, ERROR_CATALOG, ERROR_NOTIFY);
	if (!(sh = CMD_CONTEXT(context)) || !(state = (State_t*)sh->ptr))
	{
		if (!(state = newof(0, State_t, 1, 0)))
			error(ERROR_SYSTEM|3, "out of space");
		if (sh)
			sh->ptr = state;
	}
	else
		memset(state, 0, offsetof(State_t, INITSTATE));
	state->context = context;
	state->presiz = -1;
	backup_type = 0;
	state->flags = FTS_NOCHDIR|FTS_NOSEEDOTDIR;
	state->uid = geteuid();
	state->wflags = O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_BINARY;
	if (!state->tmp && !(state->tmp = sfstropen()))
		error(ERROR_SYSTEM|3, "out of space [tmp string]");
	sfputr(state->tmp, usage_head, -1);
	standard = !!conformance(0, 0);
	switch (error_info.id[0])
	{
	case 'c':
	case 'C':
		sfputr(state->tmp, usage_cp, -1);
		state->op = CP;
		state->stat = stat;
		path_resolve = -1;
		break;
	case 'l':
	case 'L':
		sfputr(state->tmp, usage_ln, -1);
		state->op = LN;
		state->flags |= FTS_PHYSICAL;
		state->link = link;
		state->remove = 1;
		state->stat = lstat;
		path_resolve = 1;
		break;
	case 'm':
	case 'M':
		sfputr(state->tmp, usage_mv, -1);
		state->op = MV;
		state->flags |= FTS_PHYSICAL;
		state->preserve = PRESERVE_IDS|PRESERVE_PERM|PRESERVE_TIME;
		state->stat = lstat;
		path_resolve = 1;
		break;
	default:
		error(3, "not implemented");
		break;
	}
	sfputr(state->tmp, usage_tail, -1);
	if (!(usage = sfstruse(state->tmp)))
		error(ERROR_SYSTEM|3, "%s: out of space", state->path);
	state->opname = state->op == CP ? ERROR_translate(0, 0, 0, "overwrite") : ERROR_translate(0, 0, 0, "replace");
	for (;;)
	{
		switch (optget(argv, usage))
		{
		case 'a':
			state->flags |= FTS_PHYSICAL;
			state->preserve = PRESERVE_IDS|PRESERVE_PERM|PRESERVE_TIME;
			state->recursive = 1;
			path_resolve = 1;
			continue;
		case 'A':
			s = opt_info.arg;
			for (;;)
			{
				switch (*s++)
				{
				case 0:
					break;
				case 'e':
					state->preserve |= PRESERVE_IDS|PRESERVE_PERM|PRESERVE_TIME;
					continue;
				case 'i':
					state->preserve |= PRESERVE_IDS;
					continue;
				case 'p':
					state->preserve |= PRESERVE_PERM;
					continue;
				case 't':
					state->preserve |= PRESERVE_TIME;
					continue;
				default:
					error(1, "%s=%c: unknown attribute flag", opt_info.option, *(s - 1));
					continue;
				}
				break;
			}
			continue;
		case 'b':
			state->backup = 1;
			continue;
		case 'f':
			state->force = 1;
			if (state->op != CP || !standard)
				state->interactive = 0;
			continue;
		case 'h':
			state->hierarchy = 1;
			continue;
		case 'i':
			state->interactive = 1;
			if (state->op != CP || !standard)
				state->force = 0;
			continue;
		case 'l':
			state->op = LN;
			state->link = link;
			state->stat = lstat;
			continue;
		case 'p':
			state->preserve = PRESERVE_IDS|PRESERVE_PERM|PRESERVE_TIME;
			continue;
		case 'r':
			state->recursive = 1;
			if (path_resolve < 0)
				path_resolve = 0;
			continue;
		case 's':
			state->op = LN;
			state->link = pathsetlink;
			state->stat = lstat;
			continue;
		case 'u':
			state->update = 1;
			continue;
		case 'v':
			state->verbose = 1;
			continue;
		case 'x':
			state->flags |= FTS_XDEV;
			continue;
		case 'B':
			backup_type = opt_info.arg;
			state->backup = 1;
			continue;
		case 'F':
#if _lib_fsync
			state->sync = 1;
#else
			error(1, "%s not implemented on this system", opt_info.name);
#endif
			continue;
		case 'H':
			state->flags |= FTS_META|FTS_PHYSICAL;
			path_resolve = 1;
			continue;
		case 'L':
			state->flags &= ~FTS_PHYSICAL;
			path_resolve = 1;
			continue;
		case 'P':
			state->flags &= ~FTS_META;
			state->flags |= FTS_PHYSICAL;
			path_resolve = 1;
			continue;
		case 'R':
			state->recursive = 1;
			state->flags &= ~FTS_META;
			state->flags |= FTS_PHYSICAL;
			path_resolve = 1;
			continue;
		case 'S':
			state->suffix = opt_info.arg;
			continue;
		case 'U':
			state->remove = 1;
			continue;
		case '?':
			error(ERROR_USAGE|4, "%s", opt_info.arg);
			continue;
		case ':':
			error(2, "%s", opt_info.arg);
			continue;
		}
		break;
	}
	argc -= opt_info.index + 1;
	argv += opt_info.index;
	if (*argv && streq(*argv, "-") && !streq(*(argv - 1), "--"))
	{
		argc--;
		argv++;
	}
	if (!(v = (char**)stkalloc(stkstd, (argc + 2) * sizeof(char*))))
		error(ERROR_SYSTEM|3, "out of space");
	memcpy(v, argv, (argc + 1) * sizeof(char*));
	argv = v;
	if (!standard)
	{
		state->wflags |= O_EXCL;
		if (!argc)
		{
			argc++;
			argv[1] = (char*)dot;
		}
	}
	if (state->backup)
	{
		if (!(file = backup_type) && !(backup_type = getenv("VERSION_CONTROL")))
			state->backup = 0;
		else
			switch (strkey(backup_type))
			{
			case HASHKEY6('e','x','i','s','t','i'):
			case HASHKEY5('e','x','i','s','t'):
			case HASHKEY4('e','x','i','s'):
			case HASHKEY3('e','x','i'):
			case HASHKEY2('e','x'):
			case HASHKEY1('e'):
			case HASHKEY3('n','i','l'):
			case HASHKEY2('n','i'):
				state->backup = BAK_existing;
				break;
			case HASHKEY5('n','e','v','e','r'):
			case HASHKEY4('n','e','v','e'):
			case HASHKEY3('n','e','v'):
			case HASHKEY2('n','e'):
			case HASHKEY6('s','i','m','p','l','e'):
			case HASHKEY5('s','i','m','p','l'):
			case HASHKEY4('s','i','m','p'):
			case HASHKEY3('s','i','m'):
			case HASHKEY2('s','i'):
			case HASHKEY1('s'):
				state->backup = BAK_simple;
				break;
			case HASHKEY4('n','o','n','e'):
			case HASHKEY3('n','o','n'):
			case HASHKEY2('n','o'):
			case HASHKEY3('o','f','f'):
			case HASHKEY2('o','f'):
			case HASHKEY1('o'):
				state->backup = 0;
				break;
			case HASHKEY6('n','u','m','b','e','r'):
			case HASHKEY5('n','u','m','b','e'):
			case HASHKEY4('n','u','m','b'):
			case HASHKEY3('n','u','m'):
			case HASHKEY2('n','u'):
			case HASHKEY1('t'):
				state->backup = BAK_number;
				break;
			default:
				if (file)
					error(2, "%s: unknown backup type", backup_type);
				break;
			}
		if (!state->suffix && !(state->suffix = getenv("SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX")))
			state->suffix = "~";
		state->suflen = strlen(state->suffix);
	}
	if (argc <= 0 || error_info.errors)
		error(ERROR_USAGE|4, "%s", optusage(NiL));
	if (!path_resolve)
		state->flags |= fts_flags();
	file = argv[argc];
	argv[argc] = 0;
	if (s = strrchr(file, '/'))
	{
		while (*s == '/')
			s++;
		if (!(!*s || *s == '.' && (!*++s || *s == '.' && !*++s)))
			s = 0;
	}
	if (file != (char*)dot)
		pathcanon(file, 0, 0);
	if (!(state->directory = !stat(file, &st) && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) && argc > 1)
		error(ERROR_USAGE|4, "%s", optusage(NiL));
	if (s && !state->directory)
		error(3, "%s: not a directory", file);
	if ((state->fs3d = fs3d(FS3D_TEST)) && strmatch(file, "...|*/...|.../*"))
		state->official = 1;
	state->postsiz = strlen(file);
	if (state->pathsiz < roundof(state->postsiz + 2, PATH_CHUNK) && !(state->path = newof(state->path, char, state->pathsiz = roundof(state->postsiz + 2, PATH_CHUNK), 0)))
		error(ERROR_SYSTEM|3, "out of space");
	memcpy(state->path, file, state->postsiz + 1);
	if (state->directory && state->path[state->postsiz - 1] != '/')
		state->path[state->postsiz++] = '/';
	if (state->hierarchy)
	{
		if (!state->directory)
			error(3, "%s: last argument must be a directory", file);
		state->missmode = st.st_mode;
	}
	state->perm = state->uid ? S_IPERM : (S_IPERM & ~S_ISVTX);
	if (!state->recursive)
		state->flags |= FTS_TOP;
	if (fts = fts_open(argv, state->flags, NiL))
	{
		while (!sh_checksig(context) && (ent = fts_read(fts)) && !visit(state, ent));
		fts_close(fts);
	}
	else if (state->link != pathsetlink)
		switch (state->op)
		{
		case CP:
			error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot copy", argv[0]);
			break;
		case LN:
			error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot link", argv[0]);
			break;
		case MV:
			error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot move", argv[0]);
			break;
		}
	else if ((*state->link)(*argv, state->path))
		error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot link to %s", *argv, state->path);
	if (cleanup && !sh)
	{
		if (state->path)
			free(state->path);
		free(state);
	}
	return error_info.errors != 0;
}