This is gzip.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.2 from gzip.texi. This manual is for Gzip (version 1.3.5, 29 September 2002), and documents commands for compressing and decompressing data. Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License." (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development." INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * gzip: (gzip)Invoking gzip. Compress files. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY INFO-DIR-SECTION Utilities START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * Gzip: (gzip). The gzip command for compressing files. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY File: gzip.info, Node: Top, Up: (dir) Compressing Files ***************** This manual is for Gzip (version 1.3.5, 29 September 2002), and documents commands for compressing and decompressing data. Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License." (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development." * Menu: * Overview:: Preliminary information. * Sample:: Sample output from `gzip'. * Invoking gzip:: How to run `gzip'. * Advanced usage:: Concatenated files. * Environment:: The `GZIP' environment variable * Tapes:: Using `gzip' on tapes. * Problems:: Reporting bugs. * Copying This Manual:: How to make copies of this manual. * Concept Index:: Index of concepts. File: gzip.info, Node: Overview, Next: Sample, Up: Top Overview ******** `gzip' reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the extension `.gz', while keeping the same ownership modes, access and modification times. (The default extension is `-gz' for VMS, `z' for MSDOS, OS/2 FAT and Atari.) If no files are specified or if a file name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard output. `gzip' will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it will ignore symbolic links. If the new file name is too long for its file system, `gzip' truncates it. `gzip' attempts to truncate only the parts of the file name longer than 3 characters. (A part is delimited by dots.) If the name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated. For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe is compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems which do not have a limit on file name length. By default, `gzip' keeps the original file name and timestamp in the compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with the `-N' option. This is useful when the compressed file name was truncated or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file transfer. Compressed files can be restored to their original form using `gzip -d' or `gunzip' or `zcat'. If the original name saved in the compressed file is not suitable for its file system, a new name is constructed from the original one to make it legal. `gunzip' takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each file whose name ends with `.gz', `.z', `.Z', `-gz', `-z' or `_z' and which begins with the correct magic number with an uncompressed file without the original extension. `gunzip' also recognizes the special extensions `.tgz' and `.taz' as shorthands for `.tar.gz' and `.tar.Z' respectively. When compressing, `gzip' uses the `.tgz' extension if necessary instead of truncating a file with a `.tar' extension. `gunzip' can currently decompress files created by `gzip', `zip', `compress' or `pack'. The detection of the input format is automatic. When using the first two formats, `gunzip' checks a 32 bit CRC (cyclic redundancy check). For `pack', `gunzip' checks the uncompressed length. The `compress' format was not designed to allow consistency checks. However `gunzip' is sometimes able to detect a bad `.Z' file. If you get an error when uncompressing a `.Z' file, do not assume that the `.Z' file is correct simply because the standard `uncompress' does not complain. This generally means that the standard `uncompress' does not check its input, and happily generates garbage output. The SCO `compress -H' format (`lzh' compression method) does not include a CRC but also allows some consistency checks. Files created by `zip' can be uncompressed by `gzip' only if they have a single member compressed with the 'deflation' method. This feature is only intended to help conversion of `tar.zip' files to the `tar.gz' format. To extract a `zip' file with a single member, use a command like `gunzip <foo.zip' or `gunzip -S .zip foo.zip'. To extract `zip' files with several members, use `unzip' instead of `gunzip'. `zcat' is identical to `gunzip -c'. `zcat' uncompresses either a list of files on the command line or its standard input and writes the uncompressed data on standard output. `zcat' will uncompress files that have the correct magic number whether they have a `.gz' suffix or not. `gzip' uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in `zip' and PKZIP. The amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input and the distribution of common substrings. Typically, text such as source code or English is reduced by 60-70%. Compression is generally much better than that achieved by LZW (as used in `compress'), Huffman coding (as used in `pack'), or adaptive Huffman coding (`compact'). Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is slightly larger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few bytes for the `gzip' file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an expansion ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number of used disk blocks almost never increases. `gzip' preserves the mode, ownership and timestamps of files when compressing or decompressing. The `gzip' file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file format specification version 4.3, Internet RFC 1952 (ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1952.txt) (May 1996). The `zip' deflation format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3, Internet RFC 1951 (ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1951.txt) (May 1996). File: gzip.info, Node: Sample, Next: Invoking gzip, Prev: Overview, Up: Top Sample Output ************* Here are some realistic examples of running `gzip'. This is the output of the command `gzip -h': gzip 1.3 (1999-12-21) usage: gzip [-cdfhlLnNrtvV19] [-S suffix] [file ...] -c --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged -d --decompress decompress -f --force force overwrite of output file and compress links -h --help give this help -l --list list compressed file contents -L --license display software license -n --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp -N --name save or restore the original name and time stamp -q --quiet suppress all warnings -r --recursive operate recursively on directories -S .suf --suffix .suf use suffix .suf on compressed files -t --test test compressed file integrity -v --verbose verbose mode -V --version display version number -1 --fast compress faster -9 --best compress better file... files to (de)compress. If none given, use standard input. Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>. This is the output of the command `gzip -v texinfo.tex': texinfo.tex: 69.7% -- replaced with texinfo.tex.gz The following command will find all `gzip' files in the current directory and subdirectories, and extract them in place without destroying the original: find . -name '*.gz' -print | sed 's/^\(.*\)[.]gz$/gunzip < "&" > "\1"/' | sh File: gzip.info, Node: Invoking gzip, Next: Advanced usage, Prev: Sample, Up: Top Invoking `gzip' *************** The format for running the `gzip' program is: gzip OPTION ... `gzip' supports the following options: `--stdout' `--to-stdout' `-c' Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged. If there are several input files, the output consists of a sequence of independently compressed members. To obtain better compression, concatenate all input files before compressing them. `--decompress' `--uncompress' `-d' Decompress. `--force' `-f' Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple links or the corresponding file already exists, or if the compressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the input data is not in a format recognized by `gzip', and if the option `--stdout' is also given, copy the input data without change to the standard output: let `zcat' behave as `cat'. If `-f' is not given, and when not running in the background, `gzip' prompts to verify whether an existing file should be overwritten. `--help' `-h' Print an informative help message describing the options then quit. `--list' `-l' For each compressed file, list the following fields: compressed size: size of the compressed file uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown) uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file The uncompressed size is given as `-1' for files not in `gzip' format, such as compressed `.Z' files. To get the uncompressed size for such a file, you can use: zcat file.Z | wc -c In combination with the `--verbose' option, the following fields are also displayed: method: compression method (deflate,compress,lzh,pack) crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data date & time: time stamp for the uncompressed file The crc is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format. With `--verbose', the size totals and compression ratio for all files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With `--quiet', the title and totals lines are not displayed. The `gzip' format represents the the input size modulo 2^32, so the uncompressed size and compression ratio are listed incorrectly for uncompressed files 4 GB and larger. To work around this problem, you can use the following command to discover a large uncompressed file's true size: zcat file.gz | wc -c `--license' `-L' Display the `gzip' license then quit. `--no-name' `-n' When compressing, do not save the original file name and time stamp by default. (The original name is always saved if the name had to be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the original file name if present (remove only the `gzip' suffix from the compressed file name) and do not restore the original time stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option is the default when decompressing. `--name' `-N' When compressing, always save the original file name and time stamp; this is the default. When decompressing, restore the original file name and time stamp if present. This option is useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when the time stamp has been lost after a file transfer. `--quiet' `-q' Suppress all warning messages. `--recursive' `-r' Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file names specified on the command line are directories, `gzip' will descend into the directory and compress all the files it finds there (or decompress them in the case of `gunzip'). `--suffix SUF' `-S SUF' Use suffix `SUF' instead of `.gz'. Any suffix can be given, but suffixes other than `.z' and `.gz' should be avoided to avoid confusion when files are transferred to other systems. A null suffix forces gunzip to try decompression on all given files regardless of suffix, as in: gunzip -S "" * (*.* for MSDOS) Previous versions of gzip used the `.z' suffix. This was changed to avoid a conflict with `pack'. `--test' `-t' Test. Check the compressed file integrity. `--verbose' `-v' Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file compressed. `--version' `-V' Version. Display the version number and compilation options, then quit. `--fast' `--best' `-N' Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit N, where `-1' or `--fast' indicates the fastest compression method (less compression) and `--best' or `-9' indicates the slowest compression method (optimal compression). The default compression level is `-6' (that is, biased towards high compression at expense of speed). File: gzip.info, Node: Advanced usage, Next: Environment, Prev: Invoking gzip, Up: Top Advanced usage ************** Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case, `gunzip' will extract all members at once. If one member is damaged, other members might still be recovered after removal of the damaged member. Better compression can be usually obtained if all members are decompressed and then recompressed in a single step. This is an example of concatenating `gzip' files: gzip -c file1 > foo.gz gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz Then gunzip -c foo is equivalent to cat file1 file2 In case of damage to one member of a `.gz' file, other members can still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you can get better compression by compressing all members at once: cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz compresses better than gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better compression, do: zcat old.gz | gzip > new.gz If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed size and CRC reported by the `--list' option applies to the last member only. If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use: zcat file.gz | wc -c If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple members so that members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver such as `tar' or `zip'. GNU `tar' supports the `-z' option to invoke `gzip' transparently. `gzip' is designed as a complement to `tar', not as a replacement. File: gzip.info, Node: Environment, Next: Tapes, Prev: Advanced usage, Up: Top Environment *********** The environment variable `GZIP' can hold a set of default options for `gzip'. These options are interpreted first and can be overwritten by explicit command line parameters. For example: for sh: GZIP="-8v --name"; export GZIP for csh: setenv GZIP "-8v --name" for MSDOS: set GZIP=-8v --name On Vax/VMS, the name of the environment variable is `GZIP_OPT', to avoid a conflict with the symbol set for invocation of the program. File: gzip.info, Node: Tapes, Next: Problems, Prev: Environment, Up: Top Using `gzip' on tapes ********************* When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally necessary to pad the output with zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is read and the whole block is passed to `gunzip' for decompression, `gunzip' detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the compressed data and emits a warning by default if the garbage contains nonzero bytes. You have to use the `--quiet' option to suppress the warning. This option can be set in the `GZIP' environment variable, as in: for sh: GZIP="-q" tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0 for csh: (setenv GZIP "-q"; tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0) In the above example, `gzip' is invoked implicitly by the `-z' option of GNU `tar'. Make sure that the same block size (`-b' option of `tar') is used for reading and writing compressed data on tapes. (This example assumes you are using the GNU version of `tar'.) File: gzip.info, Node: Problems, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: Tapes, Up: Top Reporting Bugs ************** If you find a bug in `gzip', please send electronic mail to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>. Include the version number, which you can find by running `gzip -V'. Also include in your message the hardware and operating system, the compiler used to compile `gzip', a description of the bug behavior, and the input to `gzip' that triggered the bug. File: gzip.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Problems, Up: Top Copying This Manual ******************* * Menu: * GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual. File: gzip.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual GNU Free Documentation License ============================== Version 1.1, March 2000 Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. 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File: gzip.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top Concept Index ************* * Menu: * bugs: Problems. * concatenated files: Advanced usage. * Environment: Environment. * FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License. * invoking: Invoking gzip. * options: Invoking gzip. * overview: Overview. * sample: Sample. * tapes: Tapes. Tag Table: Node: Top1258 Node: Overview2630 Node: Sample7390 Node: Invoking gzip9051 Node: Advanced usage14032 Node: Environment15621 Node: Tapes16189 Node: Problems17203 Node: Copying This Manual17661 Node: GNU Free Documentation License17877 Node: Concept Index37741 End Tag Table