@c Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001,
@c 2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c This is part of the GCC manual.
@c For copying conditions, see the file gcc.texi.
@ignore
@c man begin COPYRIGHT
Copyright @copyright{} 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'' and ``Funding
Free Software'', the Front-Cover texts being (a) (see below), and with
the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A copy of the license is
included in the gfdl(7) man page.
(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
A GNU Manual
(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:
You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
funds for GNU development.
@c man end
@c Set file name and title for the man page.
@setfilename gcov
@settitle coverage testing tool
@end ignore
@node Gcov
@chapter @command{gcov}---a Test Coverage Program
@command{gcov} is a tool you can use in conjunction with GCC to
test code coverage in your programs.
@menu
* Gcov Intro:: Introduction to gcov.
* Invoking Gcov:: How to use gcov.
* Gcov and Optimization:: Using gcov with GCC optimization.
* Gcov Data Files:: The files used by gcov.
@end menu
@node Gcov Intro
@section Introduction to @command{gcov}
@c man begin DESCRIPTION
@command{gcov} is a test coverage program. Use it in concert with GCC
to analyze your programs to help create more efficient, faster running
code and to discover untested parts of your program. You can use
@command{gcov} as a profiling tool to help discover where your
optimization efforts will best affect your code. You can also use
@command{gcov} along with the other profiling tool, @command{gprof}, to
assess which parts of your code use the greatest amount of computing
time.
Profiling tools help you analyze your code's performance. Using a
profiler such as @command{gcov} or @command{gprof}, you can find out some
basic performance statistics, such as:
@itemize @bullet
@item
how often each line of code executes
@item
what lines of code are actually executed
@item
how much computing time each section of code uses
@end itemize
Once you know these things about how your code works when compiled, you
can look at each module to see which modules should be optimized.
@command{gcov} helps you determine where to work on optimization.
Software developers also use coverage testing in concert with
testsuites, to make sure software is actually good enough for a release.
Testsuites can verify that a program works as expected; a coverage
program tests to see how much of the program is exercised by the
testsuite. Developers can then determine what kinds of test cases need
to be added to the testsuites to create both better testing and a better
final product.
You should compile your code without optimization if you plan to use
@command{gcov} because the optimization, by combining some lines of code
into one function, may not give you as much information as you need to
look for `hot spots' where the code is using a great deal of computer
time. Likewise, because @command{gcov} accumulates statistics by line (at
the lowest resolution), it works best with a programming style that
places only one statement on each line. If you use complicated macros
that expand to loops or to other control structures, the statistics are
less helpful---they only report on the line where the macro call
appears. If your complex macros behave like functions, you can replace
them with inline functions to solve this problem.
@command{gcov} creates a logfile called @file{@var{sourcefile}.gcov} which
indicates how many times each line of a source file @file{@var{sourcefile}.c}
has executed. You can use these logfiles along with @command{gprof} to aid
in fine-tuning the performance of your programs. @command{gprof} gives
timing information you can use along with the information you get from
@command{gcov}.
@command{gcov} works only on code compiled with GCC@. It is not
compatible with any other profiling or test coverage mechanism.
@c man end
@node Invoking Gcov
@section Invoking gcov
@smallexample
gcov @r{[}@var{options}@r{]} @var{sourcefile}
@end smallexample
@command{gcov} accepts the following options:
@ignore
@c man begin SYNOPSIS
gcov [@option{-v}|@option{--version}] [@option{-h}|@option{--help}]
[@option{-b}|@option{--branch-probabilities}]
[@option{-c}|@option{--branch-counts}]
[@option{-n}|@option{--no-output}]
[@option{-l}|@option{--long-file-names}]
[@option{-p}|@option{--preserve-paths}]
[@option{-f}|@option{--function-summaries}]
[@option{-o}|@option{--object-directory} @var{directory|file}] @var{sourcefile}
@c man end
@c man begin SEEALSO
gpl(7), gfdl(7), fsf-funding(7), gcc(1) and the Info entry for @file{gcc}.
@c man end
@end ignore
@c man begin OPTIONS
@table @gcctabopt
@item -h
@itemx --help
Display help about using @command{gcov} (on the standard output), and
exit without doing any further processing.
@item -v
@itemx --version
Display the @command{gcov} version number (on the standard output),
and exit without doing any further processing.
@item -b
@itemx --branch-probabilities
Write branch frequencies to the output file, and write branch summary
info to the standard output. This option allows you to see how often
each branch in your program was taken.
@item -c
@itemx --branch-counts
Write branch frequencies as the number of branches taken, rather than
the percentage of branches taken.
@item -n
@itemx --no-output
Do not create the @command{gcov} output file.
@item -l
@itemx --long-file-names
Create long file names for included source files. For example, if the
header file @file{x.h} contains code, and was included in the file
@file{a.c}, then running @command{gcov} on the file @file{a.c} will produce
an output file called @file{a.c##x.h.gcov} instead of @file{x.h.gcov}.
This can be useful if @file{x.h} is included in multiple source files.
@item -p
@itemx --preserve-paths
Preserve complete path information in the names of generated
@file{.gcov} files. Without this option, just the filename component is
used. With this option, all directories are used, with '/' characters
translated to '#' characters, '.' directory components removed and '..'
components renamed to '^'. This is useful if sourcefiles are in several
different directories. It also affects the @samp{-l} option.
@item -f
@itemx --function-summaries
Output summaries for each function in addition to the file level summary.
@item -o @var{directory|file}
@itemx --object-directory @var{directory}
@itemx --object-file @var{file}
Specify either the directory containing the gcov data files, or the
object path name. The @file{.bb}, @file{.bbg}, and
@file{.da} data files are searched for using this option. If a directory
is specified, the data files are in that directory and named after the
source file name, without its extension. If a file is specified here,
the data files are named after that file, without its extension. If this
option is not supplied, it defaults to the current directory.
@end table
Gcov should be run with the current directory the same as that when you
invoked the compiler. Otherwise it will not be able to locate the source
files. Gcov produces files called @file{@var{mangledname}.gcov} in the
current directory. These contain the coverage information of the source
file they correspond to. One @file{.gcov} file is produced for each
source file containing code, which was compiled to produce the data
files. The @file{.gcov} files contain the ':' separated fields along
with program source code. The format is
@smallexample
@var{execution_count}:@var{line_number}:@var{source line text}
@end smallexample
Additional block information may succeed each line, when requested by
command line option. The @var{execution_count} is @samp{-} for lines
containing no code and @samp{#####} for lines which were never
executed. Some lines of information at the start have @var{line_number}
of zero.
When printing percentages, 0% and 100% are only printed when the values
are @emph{exactly} 0% and 100% respectively. Other values which would
conventionally be rounded to 0% or 100% are instead printed as the
nearest non-boundary value.
When using @command{gcov}, you must first compile your program with two
special GCC options: @samp{-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage}.
This tells the compiler to generate additional information needed by
gcov (basically a flow graph of the program) and also includes
additional code in the object files for generating the extra profiling
information needed by gcov. These additional files are placed in the
directory where the object file is located.
Running the program will cause profile output to be generated. For each
source file compiled with @option{-fprofile-arcs}, an accompanying @file{.da}
file will be placed in the object file directory.
Running @command{gcov} with your program's source file names as arguments
will now produce a listing of the code along with frequency of execution
for each line. For example, if your program is called @file{tmp.c}, this
is what you see when you use the basic @command{gcov} facility:
@smallexample
$ gcc -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage tmp.c
$ a.out
$ gcov tmp.c
90.00% of 10 source lines executed in file tmp.c
Creating tmp.c.gcov.
@end smallexample
The file @file{tmp.c.gcov} contains output from @command{gcov}.
Here is a sample:
@smallexample
-: 0:Source:tmp.c
-: 0:Object:tmp.bb
-: 1:#include <stdio.h>
-: 2:
-: 3:int main (void)
1: 4:@{
1: 5: int i, total;
-: 6:
1: 7: total = 0;
-: 8:
11: 9: for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
10: 10: total += i;
-: 11:
1: 12: if (total != 45)
#####: 13: printf ("Failure\n");
-: 14: else
1: 15: printf ("Success\n");
1: 16: return 0;
1: 17:@}
@end smallexample
@need 450
When you use the @option{-b} option, your output looks like this:
@smallexample
$ gcov -b tmp.c
90.00% of 10 source lines executed in file tmp.c
80.00% of 5 branches executed in file tmp.c
80.00% of 5 branches taken at least once in file tmp.c
50.00% of 2 calls executed in file tmp.c
Creating tmp.c.gcov.
@end smallexample
Here is a sample of a resulting @file{tmp.c.gcov} file:
@smallexample
-: 0:Source:tmp.c
-: 0:Object:tmp.bb
-: 1:#include <stdio.h>
-: 2:
-: 3:int main (void)
1: 4:@{
1: 5: int i, total;
-: 6:
1: 7: total = 0;
-: 8:
11: 9: for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
branch 0: taken 90%
branch 1: taken 100%
branch 2: taken 100%
10: 10: total += i;
-: 11:
1: 12: if (total != 45)
branch 0: taken 100%
#####: 13: printf ("Failure\n");
call 0: never executed
branch 1: never executed
-: 14: else
1: 15: printf ("Success\n");
call 0: returns 100%
1: 16: return 0;
1: 17:@}
@end smallexample
For each basic block, a line is printed after the last line of the basic
block describing the branch or call that ends the basic block. There can
be multiple branches and calls listed for a single source line if there
are multiple basic blocks that end on that line. In this case, the
branches and calls are each given a number. There is no simple way to map
these branches and calls back to source constructs. In general, though,
the lowest numbered branch or call will correspond to the leftmost construct
on the source line.
For a branch, if it was executed at least once, then a percentage
indicating the number of times the branch was taken divided by the
number of times the branch was executed will be printed. Otherwise, the
message ``never executed'' is printed.
For a call, if it was executed at least once, then a percentage
indicating the number of times the call returned divided by the number
of times the call was executed will be printed. This will usually be
100%, but may be less for functions call @code{exit} or @code{longjmp},
and thus may not return every time they are called.
The execution counts are cumulative. If the example program were
executed again without removing the @file{.da} file, the count for the
number of times each line in the source was executed would be added to
the results of the previous run(s). This is potentially useful in
several ways. For example, it could be used to accumulate data over a
number of program runs as part of a test verification suite, or to
provide more accurate long-term information over a large number of
program runs.
The data in the @file{.da} files is saved immediately before the program
exits. For each source file compiled with @option{-fprofile-arcs}, the
profiling code first attempts to read in an existing @file{.da} file; if
the file doesn't match the executable (differing number of basic block
counts) it will ignore the contents of the file. It then adds in the
new execution counts and finally writes the data to the file.
@node Gcov and Optimization
@section Using @command{gcov} with GCC Optimization
If you plan to use @command{gcov} to help optimize your code, you must
first compile your program with two special GCC options:
@samp{-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage}. Aside from that, you can use any
other GCC options; but if you want to prove that every single line
in your program was executed, you should not compile with optimization
at the same time. On some machines the optimizer can eliminate some
simple code lines by combining them with other lines. For example, code
like this:
@smallexample
if (a != b)
c = 1;
else
c = 0;
@end smallexample
@noindent
can be compiled into one instruction on some machines. In this case,
there is no way for @command{gcov} to calculate separate execution counts
for each line because there isn't separate code for each line. Hence
the @command{gcov} output looks like this if you compiled the program with
optimization:
@smallexample
100: 12:if (a != b)
100: 13: c = 1;
100: 14:else
100: 15: c = 0;
@end smallexample
The output shows that this block of code, combined by optimization,
executed 100 times. In one sense this result is correct, because there
was only one instruction representing all four of these lines. However,
the output does not indicate how many times the result was 0 and how
many times the result was 1.
@c man end
@node Gcov Data Files
@section Brief description of @command{gcov} data files
@command{gcov} uses three files for doing profiling. The names of these
files are derived from the original @emph{source} file by substituting
the file suffix with either @file{.bb}, @file{.bbg}, or @file{.da}. All
of these files are placed in the same directory as the source file, and
contain data stored in a platform-independent method.
The @file{.bb} and @file{.bbg} files are generated when the source file
is compiled with the GCC @option{-ftest-coverage} option. The
@file{.bb} file contains a list of source files (including headers),
functions within those files, and line numbers corresponding to each
basic block in the source file.
The @file{.bb} file format consists of several lists of 4-byte integers
which correspond to the line numbers of each basic block in the file.
Each list is terminated by a line number of 0. A line number of
@minus{}1 is used to designate that the source file name (padded to a
4-byte boundary and followed by another @minus{}1) follows. In
addition, a line number of @minus{}2 is used to designate that the name
of a function (also padded to a 4-byte boundary and followed by a
@minus{}2) follows.
The @file{.bbg} file is used to reconstruct the program flow graph for
the source file. It contains a list of the program flow arcs (possible
branches taken from one basic block to another) for each function which,
in combination with the @file{.bb} file, enables gcov to reconstruct the
program flow.
In the @file{.bbg} file, the format is:
@smallexample
name of function #0
checksum of function #0
number of basic blocks for function #0 (4-byte number)
total number of arcs for function #0 (4-byte number)
count of arcs in basic block #0 (4-byte number)
destination basic block of arc #0 (4-byte number)
flag bits (4-byte number)
destination basic block of arc #1 (4-byte number)
flag bits (4-byte number)
@dots{}
destination basic block of arc #N (4-byte number)
flag bits (4-byte number)
count of arcs in basic block #1 (4-byte number)
destination basic block of arc #0 (4-byte number)
flag bits (4-byte number)
@dots{}
@end smallexample
A @minus{}1 (stored as a 4-byte number) is used to separate each function's
list of basic blocks, and to verify that the file has been read
correctly.
The function name is stored as a @minus{}1 (4 bytes), the length (4 bytes),
the name itself (padded to 4-byte boundary) followed by a @minus{}1 (4 bytes).
The flags are defined as follows:
@itemize
@item bit0
On function spanning tree
@item bit1
Is a fake edge
@item bit2
Is the fall through edge from one block to its immediate successor.
@item bit3-bit31
For future expansion
@end itemize
The @file{.da} file is generated when a program containing object files
built with the GCC @option{-fprofile-arcs} option is executed. A
separate @file{.da} file is created for each source file compiled with
this option, and the name of the @file{.da} file is stored as an
absolute pathname in the resulting object file. This path name is
derived from the object file name by substituting a @file{.da} suffix.
The @file{.da} consists of one or more blocks with the following
structure:
@smallexample
"magic" number @minus{}123 (4-byte number)
number of functions (4-byte number)
length of the "extension block" in bytes
extension block (variable length)
name of function #0 (the same format as in .bbg file)
checksum of function #0
number of instrumented arcs (4-byte number)
count of arc #0 (8-byte number)
count of arc #1 (8-byte number)
@dots{}
count of arc #M_0 (8-byte number)
name of function #1 (the same format as in .bbg file)
checksum of function #1
@dots{}
@end smallexample
Multiple program runs might merge data into a single block, or might
append a new block. The current structure of the extension block is as
follows:
@smallexample
number of instrumented arcs in whole program (4-byte number)
sum all of instrumented arcs in whole program (8-byte number)
maximal value of counter in whole program (8-byte number)
number of instrumented arcs in the object file (4-byte number)
sum all of instrumented arcs in the object file (8-byte number)
maximal value of counter in the object file (8-byte number)
@end smallexample
All three of these files use the functions in @file{gcov-io.h} to store
integers; the functions in this header provide a machine-independent
mechanism for storing and retrieving data from a stream.