.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. .\" .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by .\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software .\" must display the following acknowledgement: .\" This product includes software developed by the University of .\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software .\" without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF .\" SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" @(#)chmod.1 8.4 (Berkeley) 3/31/94 .\" $FreeBSD: src/bin/chmod/chmod.1,v 1.33 2002/10/01 20:32:59 trhodes Exp $ .\" .Dd March 31, 1994 .Dt CHMOD 1 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm chmod .Nd change file modes .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm .Op Fl fhv .Op Fl R Op Fl H | L | P .Ar mode .Ar .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Nm utility modifies the file mode bits of the listed files as specified by the .Ar mode operand. .Pp The options are as follows: .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Fl H If the .Fl R option is specified, symbolic links on the command line are followed. (Symbolic links encountered in the tree traversal are not followed by default.) .It Fl L If the .Fl R option is specified, all symbolic links are followed. .It Fl P If the .Fl R option is specified, no symbolic links are followed. This is the default. .It Fl R Change the modes of the file hierarchies rooted in the files instead of just the files themselves. .It Fl f Do not display a diagnostic message if .Nm could not modify the mode for .Va file . .It Fl h If the file is a symbolic link, change the mode of the link itself rather than the file that the link points to. .It Fl v Cause .Nm to be verbose, showing filenames as the mode is modified. If the .Fl v flag is specified more than once, the old and new modes of the file will also be printed, in both octal and symbolic notation. .El .Pp The .Fl H , .Fl L and .Fl P options are ignored unless the .Fl R option is specified. In addition, these options override each other and the command's actions are determined by the last one specified. .Pp Only the owner of a file or the super-user is permitted to change the mode of a file. .Sh DIAGNOSTICS .Ex -std .Sh MODES Modes may be absolute or symbolic. An absolute mode is an octal number constructed from the sum of one or more of the following values: .Pp .Bl -tag -width 6n -compact -offset indent .It Li 4000 (the set-user-ID-on-execution bit) Executable files with this bit set will run with effective uid set to the uid of the file owner. Directories with the set-user-id bit set will force all files and sub-directories created in them to be owned by the directory owner and not by the uid of the creating process, if the underlying file system supports this feature: see .Xr chmod 2 and the .Ar suiddir option to .Xr mount 8 . .It Li 2000 (the set-group-ID-on-execution bit) Executable files with this bit set will run with effective gid set to the gid of the file owner. .It Li 1000 (the sticky bit) See .Xr chmod 2 and .Xr sticky 8 . .It Li 0400 Allow read by owner. .It Li 0200 Allow write by owner. .It Li 0100 For files, allow execution by owner. For directories, allow the owner to search in the directory. .It Li 0040 Allow read by group members. .It Li 0020 Allow write by group members. .It Li 0010 For files, allow execution by group members. For directories, allow group members to search in the directory. .It Li 0004 Allow read by others. .It Li 0002 Allow write by others. .It Li 0001 For files, allow execution by others. For directories allow others to search in the directory. .El .Pp For example, the absolute mode that permits read, write and execute by the owner, read and execute by group members, read and execute by others, and no set-uid or set-gid behaviour is 755 (400+200+100+040+010+004+001). .Pp The symbolic mode is described by the following grammar: .Bd -literal -offset indent mode ::= clause [, clause ...] clause ::= [who ...] [action ...] action action ::= op [perm ...] who ::= a | u | g | o op ::= + | \- | = perm ::= r | s | t | w | x | X | u | g | o .Ed .Pp The .Ar who symbols ``u'', ``g'', and ``o'' specify the user, group, and other parts of the mode bits, respectively. The .Ar who symbol ``a'' is equivalent to ``ugo''. .Pp The .Ar perm symbols represent the portions of the mode bits as follows: .Pp .Bl -tag -width Ds -compact -offset indent .It r The read bits. .It s The set-user-ID-on-execution and set-group-ID-on-execution bits. .It t The sticky bit. .It w The write bits. .It x The execute/search bits. .It X The execute/search bits if the file is a directory or any of the execute/search bits are set in the original (unmodified) mode. Operations with the .Ar perm symbol ``X'' are only meaningful in conjunction with the .Ar op symbol ``+'', and are ignored in all other cases. .It u The user permission bits in the original mode of the file. .It g The group permission bits in the original mode of the file. .It o The other permission bits in the original mode of the file. .El .Pp The .Ar op symbols represent the operation performed, as follows: .Bl -tag -width 4n .It + If no value is supplied for .Ar perm , the ``+'' operation has no effect. If no value is supplied for .Ar who , each permission bit specified in .Ar perm , for which the corresponding bit in the file mode creation mask is clear, is set. Otherwise, the mode bits represented by the specified .Ar who and .Ar perm values are set. .It \&\- If no value is supplied for .Ar perm , the ``\-'' operation has no effect. If no value is supplied for .Ar who , each permission bit specified in .Ar perm , for which the corresponding bit in the file mode creation mask is clear, is cleared. Otherwise, the mode bits represented by the specified .Ar who and .Ar perm values are cleared. .It = The mode bits specified by the .Ar who value are cleared, or, if no who value is specified, the owner, group and other mode bits are cleared. Then, if no value is supplied for .Ar who , each permission bit specified in .Ar perm , for which the corresponding bit in the file mode creation mask is clear, is set. Otherwise, the mode bits represented by the specified .Ar who and .Ar perm values are set. .El .Pp Each .Ar clause specifies one or more operations to be performed on the mode bits, and each operation is applied to the mode bits in the order specified. .Pp Operations upon the other permissions only (specified by the symbol ``o'' by itself), in combination with the .Ar perm symbols ``s'' or ``t'', are ignored. .Sh EXAMPLES .Bl -tag -width "u=rwx,go=u-w" -compact .It Li 644 make a file readable by anyone and writable by the owner only. .Pp .It Li go-w deny write permission to group and others. .Pp .It Li =rw,+X set the read and write permissions to the usual defaults, but retain any execute permissions that are currently set. .Pp .It Li +X make a directory or file searchable/executable by everyone if it is already searchable/executable by anyone. .Pp .It Li 755 .It Li u=rwx,go=rx .It Li u=rwx,go=u-w make a file readable/executable by everyone and writable by the owner only. .Pp .It Li go= clear all mode bits for group and others. .Pp .It Li g=u-w set the group bits equal to the user bits, but clear the group write bit. .El .Sh BUGS There's no .Ar perm option for the naughty bits. .Sh COMPATIBILITY The .Fl v option is non-standard and its use in scripts is not recommended. .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr chflags 1 , .Xr install 1 , .Xr chmod 2 , .Xr stat 2 , .Xr umask 2 , .Xr fts 3 , .Xr setmode 3 , .Xr symlink 7 , .Xr chown 8 , .Xr mount 8 , .Xr sticky 8 .Sh STANDARDS The .Nm utility is expected to be .St -p1003.2 compatible with the exception of the .Ar perm symbol .Dq t which is not included in that standard. .Sh HISTORY A .Nm command appeared in .At v1 .