devan-util.el   [plain text]

;;; devan-util.el --- Support for Devanagari Script Composition

;; Copyright (C) 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

;; Author: KAWABATA, Taichi <kawabata@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>

;; Keywords: multilingual, Indian, Devanagari

;; This file is part of GNU Emacs.

;; GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
;; the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
;; any later version.

;; GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
;; GNU General Public License for more details.

;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
;; along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the
;; Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
;; Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.

;;; Commentary:

;; History:
;; 1996.10.18 written by KAWABATA, Taichi <kawabata@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>
;; 1997.3.24 fixed some bugs.

;; Future work ::
;; Decompose the input characters and process them on the character basis.

;; Devanagari script composition rules and related programs.

;;; Code:

;;;
;;;   Steps toward composition of Devanagari Characters.
;;;

;;;###autoload
(defun setup-devanagari-environment ()
  "Setup multilingual environment (MULE) for languages using Devanagari."
  (interactive)
  (set-language-environment "Devanagari"))
	   
;;; Basic functions.

;;;###autoload
(defun indian-to-devanagari (ch)
  "Convert IS 13194 characters to Devanagari basic characters."
  (let ((charcodes (split-char ch)))
    (if (eq (car charcodes) 'indian-is13194)
	(make-char 'indian-2-column ?\x21 (nth 1 charcodes))
      ch)))

;;;###autoload
(defun devanagari-to-indian (ch)
  "Convert Devanagari basic characters to IS 13194 characters."
  (let* ((charcodes (split-char ch))
	 (charset (car charcodes))
	 (code-h  (car (cdr charcodes))))
    (if (and (eq (car charcodes) 'indian-2-column)
	     (= (nth 1 charcodes) ?\x21))
	(make-char 'indian-is13194 (nth 2 charcodes))
      ch)))

;;;###autoload
(defun indian-to-devanagari-region (from to)
  "Convert IS 13194 characters in region to Devanagari basic characters."
  (interactive "r")
  (save-restriction 
    (narrow-to-region from to)
    (goto-char (point-min))
;   (while (re-search-forward "\\cd" nil t)
    (while (re-search-forward "." nil t)
      (let* ((devanagari-char (indian-to-devanagari (preceding-char))))
	(delete-char -1)
	(insert devanagari-char)))))

;;;###autoload
(defun devanagari-to-indian-region (from to)
  "Convert Devanagari basic characters in region to Indian characters."
  (interactive "r")
  (save-restriction
    (narrow-to-region from to)
    (goto-char (point-min))
;   (while (re-search-forward "\\cD" nil t) ; Devanagari Character Code.
    (while (re-search-forward "." nil t) 
      (let* ((indian-char (devanagari-to-indian (preceding-char))))
	(delete-char -1)
	(insert indian-char)))))

;;;###autoload
(defun indian-to-devanagari-string (str)
  "Convert Indian String to Devanagari Basic Character String."
  (let* ((len (length str))
	 (i 0)
	 (vec (make-vector len 0)))
    (while (< i len)
      (aset vec i (indian-to-devanagari (aref str i)))
      (setq i (1+ i)))
    (concat vec)))

;; Phase 0 - Determine whether the characters can be composed.
;;
;;;
;;; Regular expressions to split characters for composition.
;;;
;;
;; Indian script word contains one or more syllables.
;; In BNF, it can be expressed as follows:
;;
;; Word ::= {Syllable} [Cons-Syllable]
;; Syllable ::= Cons-Vowel-Syllable | Vowel-Syllable
;; Vowel-Syllable ::= V[D]
;; Cons-Vowel-Syllable ::= [Cons-Syllable] Full-Cons [M] [D]
;; Cons-Syllable ::= [Pure-Cons] [Pure-Cons] [Pure-Cons] Pure-Cons
;; Pure-Cons ::= Full-Cons H
;; Full-Cons ::= C [N]
;;
;; {} repeat, [] optional
;;
;; C - Consonant ($(5!3!4!5!6!7!8!9!:!;!<!=!>!?!@!A!B!C!D!E(B
;;                $(5!F!G!H!I!J!K!L!M!N!O!P!Q!R!S!T!U!V!W!X(B)
;; N - Nukta ($(5!i(B)
;; H - Halant($(5!h(B) or Virama
;; V - Vowel ($(5!$!%!&!'!(!)!*!+!,!-!.!/!0!1!2#&#'#*(B)
;;     ("$(5#&#'#*(B" can be obtained by IS13194 vowels with nukta.)
;; D - Vowel Modifiers, i.e. Anuswar, Chandrabindu  ($(5!!!"(B) 
;;     (Visaraga ($(5!#(B) is excluded.)
;; M - Matra ($(5!Z![!\!]!^!_!`!a!b!c!d!e!f!g#K#L#M(B)
;;     ("$(5#K#L#M(B" can be obtained by IS13194 matras with nukta.)
;;
;; In Emacs, one syllable of Indian language is considered to be one
;; composite glyph.  If we expand the above expression for
;; cons-vowel-syllable, it would be:
;;
;; [[C [N] H] [C [N] H] [C [N] H] C [N] H] C [N] [M] [D]
;; 
;; Therefore, in worst case, the one syllable may contain
;; following characters.
;;
;; C N H C N H C N H C N H C N M D
;;
;; The example is a sanskrit word "kArtsnya", where five consecutive
;; consonants appear.
;;
;; On the other hand, consonant-syllable, which appears at the end of 
;; the word, would have the following expression:
;;
;; [C [N] H] [C [N] H] [C [N] H] C [N] H
;;
;; This is acceptable BEFORE proper consonant-syllable is input.  The
;; string which doesn't match with the above expression is invalid and
;; thus must be fixed.
;;
;; Note:
;; Third case can be considered, which is an acceptable syllable and can
;; not add any code more.
;;
;; [[C [N] H] [C [N] H] [C [N] H] C [N] H] C [N] [M] D
;;
;; However, to make editing possible even in this condition, we will
;; not consider about this case.
;;
;; Note:
;; Currently, it seems that the only following consonants would have
;; Nukta sign attatched.
;; ($(5!3!4!5!:!?!@!I(B)
;; Therefore, [$(5!3(B-$(5!X(B]$(5!i(B? can be re-written as 
;; \\([$(5!3!4!5!:!?!@!I(B]$(5!i(B\\)\\|[$(5!3(B-$(5!X(B]

(defconst devanagari-full-cons
  "\\(\\([$(5!3!4!5!:!?!@!I(B]$(5!i(B\\)\\|[$(5!3(B-$(5!X$.$E"%(B]\\)"
  "Devanagari full consonant")

(defconst devanagari-pure-cons
  (concat "\\(" devanagari-full-cons "$(5!h(B\\)")
  "Devanagari pure consonant")

(defconst devanagari-matra
  "\\(\\([$(5!_![!\(B]$(5!i(B\\)\\|[$(5!Z(B-$(5!g#K#L#M(B]\\)"
  "Devanagari Matra Signs.  '$(5#K#L#M(B' can also be created from the combination 
of '$(5!_![!\(B' and nukta sign.")

(defconst devanagari-vowel
  "\\(\\([$(5!*!&!'(B]$(5!i(B\\)\\|[$(5!$(B-$(5!2#&#'#*(B]\\)"
  "Devanagari Vowels.  '$(5#&#'#*(B' can also be created from the combination 
of '$(5!*!&!'(B' and nukta sign.")
  
(defconst devanagari-vowel-syllable
  (concat devanagari-vowel "[$(5!!!"(B]?")
  "Devanagari vowel syllable.")

(defconst devanagari-cons-syllable
  (concat devanagari-pure-cons "?" devanagari-pure-cons "?" 
	  devanagari-pure-cons "?" devanagari-pure-cons "$")
  "Devanagari consonant syllable")

(defconst devanagari-cons-vowel-syllable
  (concat "\\(" 
	  devanagari-pure-cons "?" devanagari-pure-cons "?" 
	  devanagari-pure-cons "?" devanagari-pure-cons "\\)?"
	  devanagari-full-cons devanagari-matra "?[$(5!!!"(B]?")
  "Devanagari consonant vowel syllable.")

;;
;; Also, digits and virams should be processed other than syllables.
;;
;; In IS 13194, Avagrah is obtained by Nukta after Viram, and
;; OM is obtained by Nukta after Chandrabindu
;;

(defconst devanagari-digit-viram-visarga
 "[$(5!q(B-$(5!z!j!#(B]")

(defconst devanagari-other-sign
  "\\([$(5!!!j(B]$(5!i(B\\)\\|\\([$(5#!#J(B]\\)")

(defconst devanagari-composite-glyph-unit
  (concat "\\(" devanagari-cons-syllable
	  "\\)\\|\\(" devanagari-vowel-syllable
	  "\\)\\|\\(" devanagari-cons-vowel-syllable
	  "\\)\\|\\(" devanagari-other-sign
	  "\\)\\|\\(" devanagari-digit-viram-visarga "\\)")
  "Regexp matching to Devanagari string to be composed form one glyph.")

;;(put-charset-property charset-devanagari-1-column
;;		      'char-to-glyph 'devanagari-compose-string)
;;(put-charset-property charset-devanagari-2-column
;;		      'char-to-glyph 'devanagari-compose-string)

;; Sample
;;
;;(string-match devanagari-cons-vowel-syllable-examine "$(5!X![(B") => 0
;;(string-match devanagari-cons-vowel-syllable-examine "$(5!F!h!D!\(B") => 0
;;(string-match devanagari-cons-vowel-syllable-examine "$(5!X![!F!h!D!\(B") => 0

;;
;; Steps toward the composition
;;  Converting Character Codes to Composite Glyph.
;;
;; Example : $(5!X![(B/$(5!F!h!D!\(B
;; 
;; First, convert Characters to appropriate glyphs.
;;
;; => $(5!X![(B/$(5"F!D!\(B
;;
;; Then, determine the base glyph, apply-orders and apply-rules.
;;
;; => $(5!X(B (ml.mr) $(5![(B / $(5!D(B (ml.mr) $(5"F(B (mr ml) $(5!\(B
;;
;; Finally, convert 2-column glyphs to 1-column glyph
;; if such a glyph exist.
;;
;; => $(6![(B (ml.mr) $(6!X(B / $(6!D(B (ml.mr) $(6"F(B (mr ml) $(6!\(B
;;
;; Compose the glyph.
;;
;; => 2$(6!X@![(B1/2$(6!D@"FP!\(B1
;; => 2$(6!X@![(B12$(6!D@"FP!\(B1
;;

;;
;; Phase 1: Converting Character Code to Glyph Code.
;; 
;;
;; IMPORTANT:  
;;        There may be many rules which you many want to be suppressed.
;;        In that case, please comment out that rule.
;;
;;        RULES WILL BE EVALUATED FROM FIRST TO LAST.
;;        PUT MORE SPECIFIC RULES FIRST.
;;
;; TO DO: 
;;        Prepare multiple specific list of rules for each languages
;;        which adopts Devanagari script.
;;

(defconst devanagari-char-to-glyph-rules
  '(

    ;; `r' at the top of syllable and followed by other consonants.
    ;; ("[^$(5!h(B]\\($(5!O!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"p(B")
    ("^\\($(5!O!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"p(B")

    ;; Ligature Rules 
    ("\\($(5!3!h!B!h!O!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$!(B" sanskrit)
    ("\\($(5!3!h!B!h!T(B\\)" "$(5$"(B" sanskrit)
    ("\\($(5!3!h!B!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$#(B" sanskrit)
    ("\\($(5!3!h!F!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$$(B") 
    ("\\($(5!3!h!O!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$%(B")
    ("\\($(5!3!h!O(B\\)" "$(5"#(B")                  ;                     Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!3!h!T!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$&(B" sanskrit)
    ("\\($(5!3!h(B\\)$(5!3!h(B[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"3(B")    ; Special Half Form
    ("\\($(5!3!h!3(B\\)" "$(5$'(B")
    ("\\($(5!3!h(B\\)$(5!B!h!O(B" "$(5"3(B")              ; Special Rules for "k-tr"
    ("\\($(5!3!h!B(B\\)" "$(5$((B")
    ("\\($(5!3!h!F(B\\)" "$(5$)(B")
    ("\\($(5!3!h!L(B\\)" "$(5$*(B")
    ("\\($(5!3!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$+(B")
    ("\\($(5!3!h!Q(B\\)" "$(5$,(B")
    ("\\($(5!3!h!T(B\\)" "$(5$-(B")
    ("\\($(5!3!h!V!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"l(B")    ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5$.!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"l(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!3!h!V(B\\)" "$(5$.(B")
    ("\\($(5!3!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"3(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!3!i!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"s(B")      ; Nukta   Half Form
    ("\\($(5!3!i(B\\)" "$(5#3(B")                    ; Nukta
    ("\\($(5!4!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"4(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!4!i!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"t(B")      ; Nukta   Half Form
    ("\\($(5!4!i(B\\)" "$(5#4(B")                    ; Nukta
    ("\\($(5!5!h!O!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"`(B")    ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!5!h!O(B\\)" "$(5"$(B")                  ;                     Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!5!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"5(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!5!i!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"u(B")      ; Nukta   Half Form
    ("\\($(5!5!i(B\\)" "$(5#5(B")                    ; Nukta
    ("\\($(5!6!h!F!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"a(B")    ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!6!h!F(B\\)" "$(5$/(B")
    ; Slot
    ("\\($(5!6!h!O(B\\)" "$(5!6"q(B")                ;                     Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!6!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"6(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!7!h!3!h!B!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$0(B" sanskrit)
    ("\\($(5!7!h!3!h!V!h!T(B\\)" "$(5$1(B" sanskrit)
    ("\\($(5!7!h!3!h!B(B\\)" "$(5$2(B" sanskrit)
    ("\\($(5!7!h!3!h!V(B\\)" "$(5$3(B" sanskrit)
    ("\\($(5!7!h!3!h!O(B\\)" "$(5$9"q(B")            ; Special Rule. May be precomposed font needed.
    ("\\($(5!7!h!6!h!O(B\\)" "$(5$4(B" sanskrit)
    ("\\($(5!7!h!3!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$5(B" sanskrit)
    ("\\($(5!7!h!4!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$6(B" sanskrit)
    ("\\($(5!7!h!5!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$7(B" sanskrit)
    ("\\($(5!7!h!6!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$8(B" sanskrit)
    ("\\($(5!7!h!3(B\\)" "$(5$9(B")
    ("\\($(5!7!h!4(B\\)" "$(5$:(B")
    ("\\($(5!7!h!5!h!O(B\\)" "$(5$;"q(B")            ; Special Rule. May be precomposed font needed.
    ("\\($(5!7!h!5(B\\)" "$(5$;(B")
    ("\\($(5!7!h!6(B\\)" "$(5$<(B")
    ("\\($(5!7!h!7(B\\)" "$(5$=(B")
    ("\\($(5!7!h!F(B\\)" "$(5$>(B")
    ("\\($(5!7!h!L(B\\)" "$(5$?(B")
    ("\\($(5!7!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$@(B")
    ("\\($(5!8!h(B\\)[$(5!8!<(B]$(5!h(B" "$(5"8(B")            ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!8!h!8(B\\)" "$(5$A(B")
    ("\\($(5!8!h!<(B\\)" "$(5$B(B")
    ("\\($(5!8!h!O!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"8"q(B")  ;         Half Form   Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!8!h!O(B\\)" "$(5!8"q(B")                ;                     Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!8!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"8(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!9!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$C(B")
    ("\\($(5!:!h!O(B\\)" "$(5$D(B")
    ("\\($(5!:!h!<!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"m(B")    ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!:!h!<(B\\)" "$(5$E(B")
    ("\\($(5!:!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5":(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!:!i!h!O(B\\)" "$(5"!(B")                ; Nukta               Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!:!i!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"z(B")      ; Nukta   Half Form
    ("\\($(5!:!i(B\\)" "$(5#:(B")                    ; Nukta
    ("\\($(5!;!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5";(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!<!h(B\\)$(5!8!h(B[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"<(B")    ; Special Half Form
    ("\\($(5!<!h!8(B\\)" "$(5$F(B")
    ("\\($(5!<!h(B\\)$(5!:!h(B[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"<(B")    ; Special Half Form
    ("\\($(5!<!h!:(B\\)" "$(5$G(B")
    ("\\($(5!<!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"<(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!=!h!3(B\\)" "$(5$H(B")
    ("\\($(5!=!h!=(B\\)" "$(5$I(B")
    ("\\($(5!=!h!>(B\\)" "$(5$J(B")
    ("\\($(5!=!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$K(B")
    ("\\($(5!>!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$L(B")
    ("\\($(5!?!h!5!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$M(B" sanskrit)
    ("\\($(5!?!h!6!h!O(B\\)" "$(5$N(B" sanskrit)
    ("\\($(5!?!h!O!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$O(B")
    ("\\($(5!?!h!5(B\\)" "$(5$P(B")
    ("\\($(5!?!h!6(B\\)" "$(5$Q(B")
    ("\\($(5!?!h!?(B\\)" "$(5$R(B")
    ("\\($(5!?!h!L(B\\)" "$(5$S(B")
    ("\\($(5!?!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$T(B")
    ("\\($(5!?!i(B\\)" "$(5#?(B")                    ; Nukta
    ("\\($(5!@!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$`(B")
    ("\\($(5!@!i(B\\)" "$(5#@(B")                    ; Nukta
    ("\\($(5!A!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"A(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!B!h(B\\)$(5!B!h!O(B" "$(5"B(B")              ; Special Rule for "t-tr"
    ("\\($(5!B!h!B!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"c(B")    ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!B!h!B(B\\)" "$(5$a(B")
    ("\\($(5!B!h!F(B\\)" "$(5$b(B")
    ("\\($(5!B!h!O!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"d(B")    ;         Half Form   Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!B!h!O(B\\)" "$(5"%(B")                  ;                     Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!B!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"B(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!C!h!O(B\\)" "$(5!C"q(B")                ;                     Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!C!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"C(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!D!h!D!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$c(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h!E!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$d(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h!K!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$e(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h!K!h!O(B\\)" "$(5$r"r(B")            ; Special Case for "dbhr" ; ***
    ("\\($(5!D!h!O!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$f(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h!T!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$g(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h!5!h!O(B\\)" "$(5$h(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h!6!h!O(B\\)" "$(5$i(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h!D!h!T(B\\)" "$(5$j(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h!E!h!T(B\\)" "$(5$k(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h(B\\)$(5!E!h(B[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5!D!h(B")  ; Special Half Form (for ddhra)
    ("\\($(5!D!h!5(B\\)" "$(5$l(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h!6(B\\)" "$(5$m(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h!D(B\\)" "$(5$n(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h!E(B\\)" "$(5$o(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h!F(B\\)" "$(5$p(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h(B\\)$(5!J!h(B" "$(5!D!h(B")              ; Suppressing "db-"
    ("\\($(5!D!h!J(B\\)" "$(5$q(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h!K(B\\)" "$(5$r(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h!L(B\\)" "$(5$s(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h!M(B\\)" "$(5$t(B")
    ("\\($(5!D!h!T(B\\)" "$(5$u(B")
    ("\\($(5!E!h!F!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"e(B")    ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!E!h!F(B\\)" "$(5$v(B")
    ("\\($(5!E!h!O!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"f(B")    ;         Half Form     Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!E!h!O(B\\)" "$(5!E"q(B")                ;                       Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!E!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"E(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!F!h!F!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"k(B")    ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!F!h!F(B\\)" "$(5$w(B")
    ("\\($(5!F!h!O(B\\)" "$(5!F"q(B")
    ("\\($(5!F!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"F(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!G!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"G(B")        ; Nukta   Half Form
    ("\\($(5!H!h(B\\)$(5!B!h!O(B" "$(5"H(B")              ; Special Rule for "p-tr"
    ("\\($(5!H!h!B!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"g(B")    ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!H!h!B(B\\)" "$(5$x(B")
    ("\\($(5!H!h!F(B\\)" "$(5$y(B")
    ("\\($(5!H!h!Q(B\\)" "$(5$z(B")
    ("\\($(5!H!h!O(B\\)" "$(5"&(B")                  ;                     Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!H!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"H(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!I!h!O(B\\)" "$(5"'(B")                  ;                     Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!I!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"I(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!I!i!h!O(B\\)" "$(5""(B")                ; Nukta               Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!I!i!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"y(B")      ; Nukta   Half Form
    ("\\($(5!I!i(B\\)" "$(5#I(B")                    ; Nukta
    ("\\($(5!J!h(B\\)$(5!F!h(B[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"J(B")    ; Special Half Form
    ("\\($(5!J!h!F(B\\)" "$(5${(B")
    ("\\($(5!J!h(B\\)$(5!J!h(B[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"J(B")    ; Special Half Form
    ("\\($(5!J!h!J(B\\)" "$(5$|(B")
    ("\\($(5!J!h(B\\)$(5!T!h(B[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"J(B")    ; Special Half Form
    ("\\($(5!J!h!T(B\\)" "$(5$}(B")
    ("\\($(5!J!h!O(B\\)" "$(5!J"q(B")                ;                     Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!J!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"J(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!K!h!F(B\\)" "$(5$~(B")
    ("\\($(5!K!h!O(B\\)" "$(5!K"q(B")                ;                     Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!K!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"K(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!L!h!F(B\\)" "$(5#P(B")
    ("\\($(5!L!h!Q(B\\)" "$(5#Q(B")
    ("\\($(5!L!h!O(B\\)" "$(5!L"q(B")                ;                     Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!L!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"L(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!M!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"M(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!N!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"N(B")        ;         Half Form
    ;; special form for "ru".
    ("\\($(5!O!](B\\)" "$(5",(B")
    ("\\($(5!O!^(B\\)" "$(5"-(B")
    ("\\($(5!P!](B\\)" "$(5".(B")
    ("\\($(5!P!^(B\\)" "$(5"/(B")
    ;;
    ("\\($(5!Q!h!Q(B\\)" "$(5#`(B" sanskrit)
    ("\\($(5!Q!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"Q(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!R!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"R(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!S!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"S(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!T!h!F(B\\)" "$(5#a(B")
    ("\\($(5!T!h!T(B\\)" "$(5#b(B")
    ("\\($(5!T!h!O(B\\)" "$(5!T"q(B")                ;                     Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!T!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"T(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!U!h!8!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"h(B")    ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!U!h!8(B\\)" "$(5#c(B")
    ("\\($(5!U!h!F(B\\)" "$(5#d(B")
    ("\\($(5!U!h!J(B\\)" "$(5#e(B")
    ("\\($(5!U!h!Q(B\\)" "$(5#f(B")
    ("\\($(5!U!h(B\\)$(5!T!h!O(B" "$(5"U(B")              ; Special Half Form
    ("\\($(5!U!h!T!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"j(B")    ;         Half Form
;   ("\\($(5!U!h!T(B\\)" "$(5#g(B")
    ("\\($(5!U!h!O!h!T(B\\)" "$(5#g(B")
    ("\\($(5!U!h!O!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"i(B")    ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!U!h!O(B\\)" "$(5")(B")             ;                     Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!U!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"U(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!V!h!=!h!O!h!M(B\\)" "$(5#h(B")
    ("\\($(5!V!h!=!h!M(B\\)" "$(5#i(B")
    ("\\($(5!V!h!=!h!T(B\\)" "$(5#j(B")
    ("\\($(5!V!h!=(B\\)" "$(5#k(B")
    ("\\($(5!V!h!>(B\\)" "$(5#l(B")
    ("\\($(5!V!h!O(B\\)" "$(5!V"q(B")                ;                     Post "r"
    ("\\($(5!V!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"V(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!W!h!F!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"W"F(B")  ; Special Half Form
    ("\\($(5!W!h!F(B\\)" "$(5#m(B")
    ("\\($(5!W!h!O(B\\)" "$(5#n(B")
    ("\\($(5!W!h(B\\)[$(5!3(B-$(5!N!P(B-$(5!X(B]" "$(5"W(B")        ;         Half Form
    ("\\($(5!X!h!A(B\\)" "$(5#p(B")
    ("\\($(5!X!h!F(B\\)" "$(5#q(B")
    ("\\($(5!X!h!L(B\\)" "$(5#r(B")
    ("\\($(5!X!h!M(B\\)" "$(5#s(B")
    ("\\($(5!X!h!O(B\\)" "$(5#t(B")
    ("\\($(5!X!h!Q(B\\)" "$(5#u(B")
    ("\\($(5!X!h!T(B\\)" "$(5#v(B")
    ;; Special Ligature Rules 
    ("\\($(5!X!_(B\\)" "$(5#R(B")

    ;; For consonants other than listed above, glyph-composition will
    ;; be applied.  If the consonant which is preceding "$(5!O(B" does not
    ;; have the vertical line (such as "$(5!?(B"), "$(5"r(B" is put beneath the
    ;; consonant.
    ;;
    ("[$(5!7!9!=!>!?!@!D!O!P!R!S!X(B]\\($(5!h!O(B\\)" "$(5"r(B")
    ("[$(5!6!8!C!E!F!H!J!K!L!M!T!V(B]\\($(5!h!O(B\\)" "$(5"q(B")
    ("$(5!?!i(B\\($(5!h!O(B\\)" "$(5"r(B")
    ("$(5!@!i(B\\($(5!h!O(B\\)" "$(5"r(B")

    ;; Nukta with Non-Consonants
    ("\\($(5!!!i(B\\)" "$(5#!(B")
    ("\\($(5!&!i(B\\)" "$(5#&(B")
    ("\\($(5!'!i(B\\)" "$(5#'(B")
    ("\\($(5!*!i(B\\)" "$(5#*(B")
    ("\\($(5![!i(B\\)" "$(5#L(B")
    ("\\($(5!\!i(B\\)" "$(5#M(B")
    ("\\($(5!_!i(B\\)" "$(5#K(B")
    ("\\($(5!j!i(B\\)" "$(5#J(B")

    ;; Special rule for "r + some vowels"
    ("\\($(5!O!_!i(B\\)" "$(5#*"p(B")
    ("\\($(5!O![!i(B\\)" "$(5#&"p(B")
    ("\\($(5!O!\!i(B\\)" "$(5#'"p(B")
    ("\\($(5!O!_(B\\)" "$(5!*"p(B")
    ;; If everything fails, "y" will connect to the front consonant.
    ("\\($(5!h!M(B\\)" "$(5"](B")
    )
  "Alist of regexps of Devanagari character sequences vs composed characters.")

(let ((rules devanagari-char-to-glyph-rules))
  (while rules
    (let ((rule (car rules)) 
	  (chars) (char) (glyphs) (glyph))
      (setq rules (cdr rules))
      (string-match "\\\\(\\(.+\\)\\\\)" (car rule))
      (setq chars (substring (car rule) (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1)))
      (setq char (string-to-char chars))
      (setq glyphs (cdr rule))
      (setq glyph (string-to-char (car glyphs)))
      (put-char-code-property 
       char 'char-to-glyph 
       ;; We don't "cons" it since priority is top to down.
       (append (get-char-code-property char 'char-to-glyph) (list rule)))

      (if (and (< ?(5z(B glyph) ; Glyphs only.
	       (null (get-char-code-property glyph 'glyph-to-char)))
	       ; One glyph may corresponds to multiple characters, 
	       ; e.g., surrounding vowel in Tamil, etc.
	       ; but for Devanagari, we put this restriction
	       ; to make sure the fact that one glyph corresponds to one char.
	  (put-char-code-property 
	   glyph 'glyph-to-char 
	   (cons (list (car glyphs) chars)
		 (get-char-code-property glyph 'glyph-to-char)
	   ))))))

;;
;; Function used in both characters-to-glyphs conversion and
;; glyphs-to-characters conversion.
;;

(defun max-match-len (regexp-str)
  "Return the possible length of matched string of given regexp.
Only [...] pattern of regexp is recognized.
The last character of inside of [....] is used for its length."
  (let ((dest-str regexp-str))
    (while (string-match "\\[\\([^\]]\\)+\\]" dest-str)
      (setq dest-str 
	    (concat (substring dest-str 0 (match-beginning 0))
		    (substring dest-str (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1))
		    (substring dest-str (match-end 0)))))
    (length dest-str)))

;; Return t iff LIST1 and LIST2 has a same member.
(defun rule-intersection (list1 list2)
  (let ((found nil))
    (while (and list1 (not found))
      (if (memq (car list1) list2)
	  (setq found t)
	(setq list1 (cdr list1))))
    found))

(defun string-conversion-by-rule (src-str symbol &rest specs)
  "Convert string SRC-STR to a new string according to
the rules described in the each character's SYMBOL property.  The
rules are described in the forms of '((regexp str <specs>) ...), and
the character sequence in the string which matches to 'regexp' are
replaced with str.  If SPECS are not specified, only rules with no
<specs> would be applied.  If SPECS are specified, then rules with no
<specs> specified and rules with <spec> matches with SPECS would be
applied.  Rules are tested in the order of the list, thus more
specific rules should be placed in front of less important rules.  No
composite character is supported, thus such must be converted by
decompose-char before applying to this function.  If rule is given in
the forms of regexp '...\\(...\\)...', then inside the parenthesis is
the subject of the match.  Otherwise, the entire expression is the
subject of the match."
  (let ((pos 0) 
	(dst-str ""))
    (while (< pos (length src-str))
      (let ((found nil)
	    (rules (get-char-code-property 
		    (string-to-char 
		     (substring src-str pos)) symbol)))
	(while rules
	  (let* ((rule (car rules))
		 (regexp (car rule))
		 (replace-str (car (cdr rule)))
		 (rule-specs (cdr (cdr rule)))
		 search-pos)
	    (if (not (or (null rule-specs)
			 (rule-intersection specs rule-specs)))
		(setq rules (cdr rules))
	      (if (null (string-match "\\\\(.+\\\\)" regexp))
		  (progn
		    (setq regexp (concat "\\(" regexp "\\)"))
		    (setq search-pos pos))
		(setq search-pos (- pos (max-match-len 
					 (substring regexp
						    (string-match "^[^\\\\]*" regexp)
						    (match-end 0))))))
	      (if (< search-pos 0) (setq search-pos 0))
	      (if (string-match regexp src-str search-pos)
		  (if (= (match-beginning 1) pos)
		      (progn
			(setq dst-str (concat dst-str replace-str))
			(setq rules nil) ; Get out of the loop.
			(setq found t)
			;; proceed `pos' for replaced characters.
			(setq pos (match-end 1)))
		    (setq rules (cdr rules)))
		(setq rules (cdr rules))))))
	;; proceed to next position
	(if (not found)
	    (setq dst-str (concat dst-str (substring src-str pos (1+ pos)))
		  pos (1+ pos)))))
    dst-str))


;;
;; Convert Character Code to Glyph Code
;;

;;;###autoload
(defun char-to-glyph-devanagari (src-str &rest langs)
  "Convert Devanagari characters in the string to Devanagari glyphs.  
Ligatures and special rules are processed."
  (apply 
   'string-conversion-by-rule 
   (append (list src-str 'char-to-glyph) langs)))

;; Example:
;;(char-to-glyph-devanagari "$(5!X![!F!h!D!\(B") => "$(5!X!["F!D!\(B"
;;(char-to-glyph-devanagari "$(5!O!Z!V!h!=!h!O![!M(B") => ???

;;
;; Phase 2: Compose Glyphs to form One Glyph.
;;

;; Each list consist of glyph, application-priority and application-direction.
;;
;; Glyphs will be ordered from low priority number to high priority number.
;; If application-priority is omitted, it is assumed to be 0.
;; If application-direction is omitted, it is asumbed to be '(mr . ml).

(defconst devanagari-composition-rules
  '((?$(5!!(B 0 (tr . br))
    (?$(5!"(B 0 (mr . mr))
    (?$(5!#(B 0)
    (?$(5!$(B 0)
    (?$(5!%(B 0)
    (?$(5!&(B 0)
    (?$(5!'(B 0)
    (?$(5!((B 0)
    (?$(5!)(B 0)
    (?$(5!*(B 0)
    (?$(5!+(B 0)
    (?$(5!,(B 0)
    (?$(5!-(B 0)
    (?$(5!.(B 0)
    (?$(5!/(B 0)
    (?$(5!0(B 0)
    (?$(5!1(B 0)
    (?$(5!2(B 0)
    (?$(5!3(B 0)
    (?$(5!4(B 0)
    (?$(5!5(B 0)
    (?$(5!6(B 0)
    (?$(5!7(B 0)
    (?$(5!8(B 0)
    (?$(5!9(B 0)
    (?$(5!:(B 0)
    (?$(5!;(B 0)
    (?$(5!<(B 0)
    (?$(5!=(B 0)
    (?$(5!>(B 0)
    (?$(5!?(B 0)
    (?$(5!@(B 0)
    (?$(5!A(B 0)
    (?$(5!B(B 0)
    (?$(5!C(B 0)
    (?$(5!D(B 0)
    (?$(5!E(B 0)
    (?$(5!F(B 0)
    (?$(5!G(B 0)
    (?$(5!H(B 0)
    (?$(5!I(B 0)
    (?$(5!J(B 0)
    (?$(5!K(B 0)
    (?$(5!L(B 0)
    (?$(5!M(B 0)
    (?$(5!N(B 0)
    (?$(5!O(B 0)
    (?$(5!P(B 0)
    (?$(5!Q(B 0)
    (?$(5!R(B 0)
    (?$(5!S(B 0)
    (?$(5!T(B 0)
    (?$(5!U(B 0)
    (?$(5!V(B 0)
    (?$(5!W(B 0)
    (?$(5!X(B 0)
    (?$(5!Y(B 0)
    (?$(5!Z(B 0)
    (?$(5![(B 0 (ml . mr))
    (?$(5!\(B 0)
    (?$(5!](B 0 (br . tr))
    (?$(5!^(B 0 (br . tr))
    (?$(5!_(B 0 (br . tr))
    (?$(5!`(B 0 (mr . mr))  ; (tc . bc)
    (?$(5!a(B 0 (mr . mr))
    (?$(5!b(B 0 (mr . mr))
    (?$(5!c(B 0 (mr . mr))
    (?$(5!d(B 0)
    (?$(5!e(B 0)
    (?$(5!f(B 0)
    (?$(5!g(B 0)
    (?$(5!h(B 0 (br . tr))
    (?$(5!i(B 0 (br . tr))
    (?$(5!j(B 0)
    (nil 0)
    (nil 0)
    (nil 0)
    (nil 0)
    (nil 0)
    (nil 0)
    (?$(5!q(B 0)
    (?$(5!r(B 0)
    (?$(5!s(B 0)
    (?$(5!t(B 0)
    (?$(5!u(B 0)
    (?$(5!v(B 0)
    (?$(5!w(B 0)
    (?$(5!x(B 0)
    (?$(5!y(B 0)
    (?$(5!z(B 0)
    (nil 0)
    (nil 0)
    (nil 0)
    (nil 0)
    (?$(5"!(B 0)
    (?$(5""(B 0)
    (?$(5"#(B 0)
    (?$(5"$(B 0)
    (?$(5"%(B 0)
    (?$(5"&(B 0)
    (?$(5"'(B 0)
    (?$(5"((B 0)
    (?$(5")(B 0)
    (?$(5"*(B 0)
    (?$(5"+(B 0)
    (?$(5",(B 0)
    (?$(5"-(B 0)
    (?$(5".(B 0)
    (?$(5"/(B 0)
    (?$(5"0(B 0)
    (?$(5"1(B 0)
    (?$(5"2(B 0)
    (?$(5"3(B 0)
    (?$(5"4(B 0)
    (?$(5"5(B 0)
    (?$(5"6(B 0)
    (?$(5"7(B 0)
    (?$(5"8(B 0)
    (?$(5"9(B 0)
    (?$(5":(B 0)
    (?$(5";(B 0)
    (?$(5"<(B 0)
    (?$(5"=(B 0)
    (?$(5">(B 0)
    (?$(5"?(B 0)
    (?$(5"@(B 0)
    (?$(5"A(B 0)
    (?$(5"B(B 0)
    (?$(5"C(B 0)
    (?$(5"D(B 0)
    (?$(5"E(B 0)
    (?$(5"F(B 0)
    (?$(5"G(B 0)
    (?$(5"H(B 0)
    (?$(5"I(B 0)
    (?$(5"J(B 0)
    (?$(5"K(B 0)
    (?$(5"L(B 0)
    (?$(5"M(B 0)
    (?$(5"N(B 0)
    (?$(5"O(B 0)
    (?$(5"P(B 0)
    (?$(5"Q(B 0)
    (?$(5"R(B 0)
    (?$(5"S(B 0)
    (?$(5"T(B 0)
    (?$(5"U(B 0)
    (?$(5"V(B 0)
    (?$(5"W(B 0)
    (?$(5"X(B 0)
    (?$(5"Y(B 0)
    (?$(5"Z(B 0)
    (?$(5"[(B 0)
    (?$(5"\(B 0)
    (?$(5"](B 0)
    (?$(5"^(B 0)
    (?$(5"_(B 0)
    (?$(5"`(B 0)
    (?$(5"a(B 0)
    (?$(5"b(B 0)
    (?$(5"c(B 0)
    (?$(5"d(B 0)
    (?$(5"e(B 0)
    (?$(5"f(B 0)
    (?$(5"g(B 0)
    (?$(5"h(B 0)
    (?$(5"i(B 0)
    (?$(5"j(B 0)
    (?$(5"k(B 0)
    (?$(5"l(B 0)
    (?$(5"m(B 0)
    (?$(5"n(B 0)
    (?$(5"o(B 0)
    (?$(5"p(B 10 (mr . mr))
    (?$(5"q(B 0 (br . br))
    (?$(5"r(B 0 (br . tr))
    (?$(5"s(B 0)
    (?$(5"t(B 0)
    (?$(5"u(B 0)
    (?$(5"v(B 0)
    (?$(5"w(B 0)
    (?$(5"x(B 0)
    (?$(5"y(B 0)
    (?$(5"z(B 0)
    (?$(5"{(B 0)
    (?$(5"|(B 0)
    (?$(5"}(B 0)
    (?$(5"~(B 0)
    (?$(5#!(B 0)
    (?$(5#"(B 0)
    (?$(5##(B 0)
    (?$(5#$(B 0)
    (?$(5#%(B 0)
    (?$(5#&(B 0)
    (?$(5#'(B 0)
    (?$(5#((B 0)
    (?$(5#)(B 0)
    (?$(5#*(B 0)
    (?$(5#+(B 0)
    (?$(5#,(B 0)
    (?$(5#-(B 0)
    (?$(5#.(B 0)
    (?$(5#/(B 0)
    (?$(5#0(B 0)
    (?$(5#1(B 0)
    (?$(5#2(B 0)
    (?$(5#3(B 0)
    (?$(5#4(B 0)
    (?$(5#5(B 0)
    (?$(5#6(B 0)
    (?$(5#7(B 0)
    (?$(5#8(B 0)
    (?$(5#9(B 0)
    (?$(5#:(B 0)
    (?$(5#;(B 0)
    (?$(5#<(B 0)
    (?$(5#=(B 0)
    (?$(5#>(B 0)
    (?$(5#?(B 0)
    (?$(5#@(B 0)
    (?$(5#A(B 0)
    (?$(5#B(B 0)
    (?$(5#C(B 0)
    (?$(5#D(B 0)
    (?$(5#E(B 0)
    (?$(5#F(B 0)
    (?$(5#G(B 0)
    (?$(5#H(B 0)
    (?$(5#I(B 0)
    (?$(5#J(B 0)
    (?$(5#K(B 0 (br . tr))
    (?$(5#L(B 0 (br . tr))
    (?$(5#M(B 0 (br . tr))
    (?$(5#N(B 0)
    (?$(5#O(B 0)
    (?$(5#P(B 0)
    (?$(5#Q(B 0)
    (?$(5#R(B 0)
    (?$(5#S(B 0)
    (?$(5#T(B 0)
    (?$(5#U(B 0)
    (?$(5#V(B 0)
    (?$(5#W(B 0)
    (?$(5#X(B 0)
    (?$(5#Y(B 0)
    (?$(5#Z(B 0)
    (?$(5#[(B 0)
    (?$(5#\(B 0)
    (?$(5#](B 0)
    (?$(5#^(B 0)
    (?$(5#_(B 0)
    (?$(5#`(B 0)
    (?$(5#a(B 0)
    (?$(5#b(B 0)
    (?$(5#c(B 0)
    (?$(5#d(B 0)
    (?$(5#e(B 0)
    (?$(5#f(B 0)
    (?$(5#g(B 0)
    (?$(5#h(B 0)
    (?$(5#i(B 0)
    (?$(5#j(B 0)
    (?$(5#k(B 0)
    (?$(5#l(B 0)
    (?$(5#m(B 0)
    (?$(5#n(B 0)
    (?$(5#o(B 0)
    (?$(5#p(B 0)
    (?$(5#q(B 0)
    (?$(5#r(B 0)
    (?$(5#s(B 0)
    (?$(5#t(B 0)
    (?$(5#u(B 0)
    (?$(5#v(B 0)
    (?$(5#w(B 0)
    (?$(5#x(B 0)
    (?$(5#y(B 0)
    (?$(5#z(B 0)
    (?$(5#{(B 0)
    (?$(5#|(B 0)
    (?$(5#}(B 0)
    (?$(5#~(B 0)
    (?$(5$!(B 0)
    (?$(5$"(B 0)
    (?$(5$#(B 0)
    (?$(5$$(B 0)
    (?$(5$%(B 0)
    (?$(5$&(B 0)
    (?$(5$'(B 0)
    (?$(5$((B 0)
    (?$(5$)(B 0)
    (?$(5$*(B 0)
    (?$(5$+(B 0)
    (?$(5$,(B 0)
    (?$(5$-(B 0)
    (?$(5$.(B 0)
    (?$(5$/(B 0)
    (?$(5$0(B 0)
    (?$(5$1(B 0)
    (?$(5$2(B 0)
    (?$(5$3(B 0)
    (?$(5$4(B 0)
    (?$(5$5(B 0)
    (?$(5$6(B 0)
    (?$(5$7(B 0)
    (?$(5$8(B 0)
    (?$(5$9(B 0)
    (?$(5$:(B 0)
    (?$(5$;(B 0)
    (?$(5$<(B 0)
    (?$(5$=(B 0)
    (?$(5$>(B 0)
    (?$(5$?(B 0)
    (?$(5$@(B 0)
    (?$(5$A(B 0)
    (?$(5$B(B 0)
    (?$(5$C(B 0)
    (?$(5$D(B 0)
    (?$(5$E(B 0)
    (?$(5$F(B 0)
    (?$(5$G(B 0)
    (?$(5$H(B 0)
    (?$(5$I(B 0)
    (?$(5$J(B 0)
    (?$(5$K(B 0)
    (?$(5$L(B 0)
    (?$(5$M(B 0)
    (?$(5$N(B 0)
    (?$(5$O(B 0)
    (?$(5$P(B 0)
    (?$(5$Q(B 0)
    (?$(5$R(B 0)
    (?$(5$S(B 0)
    (?$(5$T(B 0)
    (?$(5$U(B 0)
    (?$(5$V(B 0)
    (?$(5$W(B 0)
    (?$(5$X(B 0)
    (?$(5$Y(B 0)
    (?$(5$Z(B 0)
    (?$(5$[(B 0)
    (?$(5$\(B 0)
    (?$(5$](B 0)
    (?$(5$^(B 0)
    (?$(5$_(B 0)
    (?$(5$`(B 0)
    (?$(5$a(B 0)
    (?$(5$b(B 0)
    (?$(5$c(B 0)
    (?$(5$d(B 0)
    (?$(5$e(B 0)
    (?$(5$f(B 0)
    (?$(5$g(B 0)
    (?$(5$h(B 0)
    (?$(5$i(B 0)
    (?$(5$j(B 0)
    (?$(5$k(B 0)
    (?$(5$l(B 0)
    (?$(5$m(B 0)
    (?$(5$n(B 0)
    (?$(5$o(B 0)
    (?$(5$p(B 0)
    (?$(5$q(B 0)
    (?$(5$r(B 0)
    (?$(5$s(B 0)
    (?$(5$t(B 0)
    (?$(5$u(B 0)
    (?$(5$v(B 0)
    (?$(5$w(B 0)
    (?$(5$x(B 0)
    (?$(5$y(B 0)
    (?$(5$z(B 0)
    (?$(5${(B 0)
    (?$(5$|(B 0)
    (?$(5$}(B 0)
    (?$(5$~(B 0)
    ))

;; Determine composition priority and rule of the array of Glyphs.
;; Sort the glyphs with their priority.

(defun devanagari-reorder-glyphs-for-composition (glyph-alist)
  (let* ((pos 0)
	 (ordered-glyphs '()))
    (while (< pos (length glyph-alist))
      (let* ((glyph (aref glyph-alist pos)))
	(setq pos (1+ pos))
	(setq ordered-glyphs 
	      (append ordered-glyphs (list (assq glyph devanagari-composition-rules))))))
    (sort ordered-glyphs '(lambda (x y) (< (car (cdr x)) (car (cdr y)))))))

;;(devanagari-compose-to-one-glyph "$(5"5!X![(B") => "2$(6!XP"5@![(B1"

(defun devanagari-compose-to-one-glyph (devanagari-string)
  (let* ((o-glyph-list (devanagari-reorder-glyphs-for-composition
			(string-to-vector devanagari-string)))
	 ;; List of glyphs to be composed.
	 (cmp-glyph-list (list (car (car o-glyph-list)))) 
	 (o-glyph-list (cdr o-glyph-list)))
    (while o-glyph-list
      (let* ((o-glyph (car o-glyph-list))
	     (glyph (if (< 2 (length o-glyph))
			;; default composition
			(list (car (cdr (cdr o-glyph))) (car o-glyph))
		      ;; composition with a specified rule
		      (list '(mr . ml) (car o-glyph)))))
	(setq o-glyph-list (cdr o-glyph-list))
	(setq cmp-glyph-list (append cmp-glyph-list glyph))))
    ;; Before applying compose-chars, convert glyphs to
    ;; 1-column width if possible.
    (setq cmp-glyph-list (devanagari-wide-to-narrow cmp-glyph-list))
    (if (= (length cmp-glyph-list) 1) (char-to-string (car cmp-glyph-list))
      (apply 'compose-chars cmp-glyph-list))))

;; Utility function for Phase 2.5
;; Check whether given glyph is a Devanagari vertical modifier or not.
;; If it is a vertical modifier, whether it should be 1-column shape or not
;; depends on previous non-vertical modifier.
   ; return nil if it is not vertical modifier.
(defun devanagari-vertical-modifier-p (glyph)
  (string-match (char-to-string glyph)
		"[$(5!"!]!^!_!`!a!b!c!h!i"p"q"r#K#L#M(B]"))

(defun devanagari-non-vertical-modifier-p (glyph)
  (string-match (char-to-string glyph)
;		"[$(5!Z![!\!d!e!f!g(B]"))
		"[$(5![(B]"))

(defun devanagari-wide-to-narrow-char (char)
  "Return the corresponding narrow character if it exists."
  (let ((narrow (cdr (assq char devanagari-1-column-char))))
    (if narrow narrow char)))

;;
;;    Phase 2.5  Convert Appropriate Character to 1-column shape.
;;
;; This is temporary and should be removed out when Emacs supports 
;; variable width characters.
;;
;; This will convert the composing glyphs (2 column glyphs) 
;; to narrow (1 column) glyphs if they exist.
;;
;; devanagari-wide-to-narrow-old converts glyphs simply.
;; devanagari-wide-to-narrow takes care of upper/lower apply-glyphs 
;;   with 2 column base-glyph.
;;
;; Execution Examples
;;(devanagari-wide-to-narrow '(?$(5!3(B (ml . ml) ?$(5!a(B))
;;(devanagari-wide-to-narrow '(?$(5!F(B (ml . ml) ?$(5!a(B))

(defun devanagari-wide-to-narrow (src-list)
  (devanagari-wide-to-narrow-iter src-list t))

(defun devanagari-wide-to-narrow-iter (src-list 2-col-glyph)
  (let ((glyph (car src-list)))
    (cond ((null src-list) '())
	  ; not glyph code
	  ((not (numberp glyph)) 
	   (cons glyph (devanagari-wide-to-narrow-iter (cdr src-list) 2-col-glyph)))
	  ; glyphs to be processed regardless of the value of "2-col-glyph"
	  ((devanagari-non-vertical-modifier-p glyph)
	   (cons (devanagari-wide-to-narrow-char glyph)
		 (devanagari-wide-to-narrow-iter (cdr src-list) 2-col-glyph)))
	  ; glyphs which are depends on the value of "2-col-glyph"
	  ((devanagari-vertical-modifier-p glyph)
	   (if 2-col-glyph
	       (cons glyph
		     (devanagari-wide-to-narrow-iter (cdr src-list) t))
	       (cons (devanagari-wide-to-narrow-char glyph)
		     (devanagari-wide-to-narrow-iter (cdr src-list) 2-col-glyph))))
	  ; normal glyph
	  (t
	   (if (cdr (assq glyph devanagari-1-column-char))
	       (cons (devanagari-wide-to-narrow-char glyph)
		     (devanagari-wide-to-narrow-iter (cdr src-list) nil))
	       (cons glyph
		     (devanagari-wide-to-narrow-iter (cdr src-list) t)))))))


;;
;; Summary
;; 

;;
;; Decomposition of composite font.
;;

(defun devanagari-normalize-narrow-glyph (charlist)
  (let ((wide-char (car (rassoc (car charlist) devanagari-1-column-char))))
    (if (null charlist) nil
      (cons (if (null wide-char) (car charlist) wide-char)
	    (devanagari-normalize-narrow-glyph (cdr charlist))))))

(defvar devanagari-decomposition-rules
  '(
    (?$(5"p(B -10)
    )
  )

(defun devanagari-reorder-glyphs-for-decomposition (glyphlist)
  "This function re-orders glyph list for decomposition."
  (sort glyphlist 
	'(lambda (x y) 
	   (let ((xx (nth 1 (assoc x devanagari-decomposition-rules)))
		 (yy (nth 1 (assoc y devanagari-decomposition-rules))))
	     (if (null xx) (setq xx 0))
	     (if (null yy) (setq yy 0))
	     (< xx yy)))))

(defun devanagari-decompose-char (glyph)
  "This function decomposes one Devanagari composite glyph to 
   basic Devanagari characters as a string."
  (let ((glyphlist 
	 (if (eq (car (split-char glyph)) 'composition) 
	     (string-to-list (decompose-composite-char glyph))
	   (list glyph))))
    (setq glyphlist (devanagari-normalize-narrow-glyph glyphlist))
    (setq glyphlist (devanagari-reorder-glyphs-for-decomposition glyphlist))
    (string-conversion-by-rule 
     (mapconcat 'char-to-string glyphlist "") 'glyph-to-char)))

;;;###autoload
(defun devanagari-decompose-string (str)
  "Decompose Devanagari glyph string STR to basic Devanagari character string."
  (let ((len (length str))
	(i 0)
	(dst ""))
    (while (< i len)
      (setq dst (concat dst (devanagari-decompose-char (aref str i)))
	    i (1+ i)))
    dst))

;;;###autoload
(defun devanagari-decompose-region (from to)
  (interactive "r")
  (save-restriction
    (narrow-to-region from to)
    (goto-char (point-min))
    (while (re-search-forward "." nil t)
      (let* ((match-b (match-beginning 0)) (match-e (match-end 0))
	     (decmps (devanagari-decompose-string (buffer-substring match-b match-e))))
	(delete-char -1)
	(insert decmps)))))

;;;
;;; Composition
;;;

;;;###autoload
(defun devanagari-compose-string (str &rest langs)
  (let ((len (length str))
	(src (devanagari-decompose-string str)) (dst "") rest match-b match-e)
    (while (string-match devanagari-composite-glyph-unit src)
      (setq match-b (match-beginning 0) match-e (match-end 0))
      (setq dst 
	    (concat dst 
		    (substring src 0 match-b)
		    (devanagari-compose-to-one-glyph 
		     (apply 
		      'char-to-glyph-devanagari
		      (cons (substring src match-b match-e)
			    langs)))))
      (setq src (substring src match-e)))
    (setq dst (concat dst src))
    dst))

;;;###autoload
(defun devanagari-compose-region (from to &rest langs)
  (interactive "r")
  (save-restriction
    (narrow-to-region from to)
    (goto-char (point-min))
    (while (re-search-forward devanagari-composite-glyph-unit nil t)
      (let* ((match-b (match-beginning 0)) (match-e (match-end 0))
	     (cmps (devanagari-compose-to-one-glyph
		    (apply 
		     'char-to-glyph-devanagari
		     (cons (buffer-substring match-b match-e)
			   langs)))))
	(delete-region match-b match-e)
	(insert cmps)))))

;; For pre-write and post-read conversion

;;;###autoload
(defun devanagari-compose-from-is13194-region (from to)
  "Compose IS 13194 characters in the region to Devanagari characters."
  (interactive "r")
  (save-excursion
    (save-restriction
      (narrow-to-region from to)
      (indian-to-devanagari-region (point-min) (point-max))
      (devanagari-compose-region (point-min) (point-max))
      (- (point-max) (point-min)))))

;;;###autoload
(defun in-is13194-devanagari-post-read-conversion (len)
  (let ((pos (point))
	(buffer-modified-p (buffer-modified-p)))
    (prog1
	(devanagari-compose-from-is13194-region pos (+ pos len))
      (set-buffer-modified-p buffer-modified-p))))

;;;###autoload
(defun devanagari-decompose-to-is13194-region (from to)
  "Decompose Devanagari characters in the region to IS 13194 characters."
  (interactive "r")
  (save-restriction
    (narrow-to-region from to)
    (devanagari-decompose-region (point-min) (point-max))
    (devanagari-to-indian-region (point-min) (point-max))))

;;;###autoload
(defun in-is13194-devanagari-pre-write-conversion (from to)
  (let ((old-buf (current-buffer)))
    (set-buffer (generate-new-buffer " *temp*"))
    (if (stringp from)
	(insert from)
      (insert-buffer-substring old-buf from to))
    (devanagari-decompose-to-is13194-region (point-min) (point-max))
    ;; Should return nil as annotations.
    nil))

;; For input/output of ITRANS

;;;###autoload
(defun devanagari-encode-itrans-region (from to)
  (interactive "r")
  (save-restriction
    (narrow-to-region from to)
    (devanagari-decompose-to-is13194-region (point-min) (point-max))
    (indian-encode-itrans-region (point-min) (point-max))))

;;;###autoload
(defun devanagari-decode-itrans-region (from to)
  (interactive "r")
  (save-restriction
    (narrow-to-region from to)
    (indian-decode-itrans-region (point-min) (point-max))
    (devanagari-compose-from-is13194-region (point-min) (point-max))))

;; Test comment.

;;
(provide 'devan-util)

;;; devan-util.el end here