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<refentry id="man.named">
<refentryinfo>
<date>June 30, 2000</date>
</refentryinfo>
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle><application>named</application></refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
<refmiscinfo>BIND9</refmiscinfo>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname><application>named</application></refname>
<refpurpose>Internet domain name server</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<docinfo>
<copyright>
<year>2004</year>
<year>2005</year>
<year>2006</year>
<year>2007</year>
<holder>Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")</holder>
</copyright>
<copyright>
<year>2000</year>
<year>2001</year>
<year>2003</year>
<holder>Internet Software Consortium.</holder>
</copyright>
</docinfo>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>named</command>
<arg><option>-4</option></arg>
<arg><option>-6</option></arg>
<arg><option>-c <replaceable class="parameter">config-file</replaceable></option></arg>
<arg><option>-d <replaceable class="parameter">debug-level</replaceable></option></arg>
<arg><option>-f</option></arg>
<arg><option>-g</option></arg>
<arg><option>-n <replaceable class="parameter">#cpus</replaceable></option></arg>
<arg><option>-p <replaceable class="parameter">port</replaceable></option></arg>
<arg><option>-s</option></arg>
<arg><option>-t <replaceable class="parameter">directory</replaceable></option></arg>
<arg><option>-u <replaceable class="parameter">user</replaceable></option></arg>
<arg><option>-v</option></arg>
<arg><option>-x <replaceable class="parameter">cache-file</replaceable></option></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsect1>
<title>DESCRIPTION</title>
<para><command>named</command>
is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
</para>
<para>
When invoked without arguments, <command>named</command>
will
read the default configuration file
<filename>/etc/named.conf</filename>, read any initial
data, and listen for queries.
</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>OPTIONS</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>-4</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
<option>-4</option> and <option>-6</option> are mutually
exclusive.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-6</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
<option>-4</option> and <option>-6</option> are mutually
exclusive.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-c <replaceable class="parameter">config-file</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Use <replaceable class="parameter">config-file</replaceable> as the
configuration file instead of the default,
<filename>/etc/named.conf</filename>. To
ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
to work after the server has changed its working
directory due to to a possible
<option>directory</option> option in the configuration
file, <replaceable class="parameter">config-file</replaceable> should be
an absolute pathname.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-d <replaceable class="parameter">debug-level</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Set the daemon's debug level to <replaceable class="parameter">debug-level</replaceable>.
Debugging traces from <command>named</command> become
more verbose as the debug level increases.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-f</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-g</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
to <filename>stderr</filename>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-n <replaceable class="parameter">#cpus</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Create <replaceable class="parameter">#cpus</replaceable> worker threads
to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
<command>named</command> will try to determine the
number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
single worker thread will be created.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-p <replaceable class="parameter">port</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Listen for queries on port <replaceable class="parameter">port</replaceable>. If not
specified, the default is port 53.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-s</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Write memory usage statistics to <filename>stdout</filename> on exit.
</para>
<note>
<para>
This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
and may be removed or changed in a future release.
</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-t <replaceable class="parameter">directory</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para><function>chroot()</function>
to <replaceable class="parameter">directory</replaceable> after
processing the command line arguments, but before
reading the configuration file.
</para>
<warning>
<para>
This option should be used in conjunction with the
<option>-u</option> option, as chrooting a process
running as root doesn't enhance security on most
systems; the way <function>chroot()</function> is
defined allows a process with root privileges to
escape a chroot jail.
</para>
</warning>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-u <replaceable class="parameter">user</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para><function>setuid()</function>
to <replaceable class="parameter">user</replaceable> after completing
privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
listen on privileged ports.
</para>
<note>
<para>
On Linux, <command>named</command> uses the kernel's
capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
except the ability to <function>bind()</function> to
a
privileged port and set process resource limits.
Unfortunately, this means that the <option>-u</option>
option only works when <command>named</command> is
run
on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
to be retained after <function>setuid()</function>.
</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-v</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Report the version number and exit.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-x <replaceable class="parameter">cache-file</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Load data from <replaceable class="parameter">cache-file</replaceable> into the
cache of the default view.
</para>
<warning>
<para>
This option must not be used. It is only of interest
to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
future release.
</para>
</warning>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>SIGNALS</title>
<para>
In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
the nameserver; <command>rndc</command> should be used
instead.
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>SIGHUP</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Force a reload of the server.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SIGINT, SIGTERM</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Shut down the server.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>CONFIGURATION</title>
<para>
The <command>named</command> configuration file is too complex
to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
in the
<citetitle>BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</citetitle>.
</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>FILES</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/etc/named.conf</filename></term>
<listitem>
<para>
The default configuration file.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/var/run/named.pid</filename></term>
<listitem>
<para>
The default process-id file.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>SEE ALSO</title>
<para><citetitle>RFC 1033</citetitle>,
<citetitle>RFC 1034</citetitle>,
<citetitle>RFC 1035</citetitle>,
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>rndc</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>,
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>lwresd</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>,
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>named.conf</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>,
<citetitle>BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</citetitle>.
</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>AUTHOR</title>
<para><corpauthor>Internet Systems Consortium</corpauthor>
</para>
</refsect1>
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