# this is needed so that the bad assignments (b[]=bcde, for example) do not # cause fatal shell errors when in posix mode set +o posix set +a # The calls to egrep -v are to filter out builtin array variables that are # automatically set and possibly contain values that vary. # first make sure we handle the basics x=() echo ${x[@]} unset x # this should be an error test=(first & second) echo $? unset test # make sure declare -a converts an existing variable to an array unset a a=abcde declare -a a echo ${a[0]} unset a a=abcde a[2]=bdef unset b declare -a b[256] unset c[2] unset c[*] a[1]= _ENV=/bin/true x=${_ENV[(_$-=0)+(_=1)-_${-%%*i*}]} declare -r c[100] echo ${a[0]} ${a[4]} echo ${a[@]} echo ${a[*]} # this should print out values, too declare -a | egrep -v '(BASH_VERSINFO|PIPESTATUS|GROUPS)' unset a[7] echo ${a[*]} unset a[4] echo ${a[*]} echo ${a} echo "${a}" echo $a unset a[0] echo ${a} echo ${a[@]} a[5]="hello world" echo ${a[5]} echo ${#a[5]} echo ${#a[@]} a[4+5/2]="test expression" echo ${a[@]} readonly a[5] readonly a # these two lines should output `declare' commands readonly -a | egrep -v '(BASH_VERSINFO|PIPESTATUS|GROUPS)' declare -ar | egrep -v '(BASH_VERSINFO|PIPESTATUS|GROUPS)' # this line should output `readonly' commands, even for arrays set -o posix readonly -a | egrep -v '(BASH_VERSINFO|PIPESTATUS|GROUPS)' set +o posix declare -a d='([1]="" [2]="bdef" [5]="hello world" "test")' d[9]="ninth element" declare -a e[10]=test # this works in post-bash-2.05 versions declare -a e[10]='(test)' pass=/etc/passwd declare -a f='("${d[@]}")' b=([0]=this [1]=is [2]=a [3]=test [4]="$PS1" [5]=$pass) echo ${b[@]:2:3} declare -pa | egrep -v '(BASH_VERSINFO|PIPESTATUS|GROUPS)' a[3]="this is a test" b[]=bcde b[*]=aaa echo ${b[ ]} c[-2]=4 echo ${c[-4]} d[7]=(abdedfegeee) d=([]=abcde [1]="test test" [*]=last [-65]=negative ) unset d[12] unset e[*] declare -a | egrep -v '(BASH_VERSINFO|PIPESTATUS|GROUPS)' ps1='hello' unset ps1[2] unset ${ps1[2]} declare +a ps1 declare +a c # the prompt should not print when using a here doc read -p "array test: " -a rv <<! this is a test of read using arrays ! echo ${rv[0]} ${rv[4]} echo ${rv[@]} # the variable should be converted to an array when `read -a' is done vv=1 read -a vv <<! this is a test of arrays ! echo ${vv[0]} ${vv[3]} echo ${vv[@]} unset vv declare -a | egrep -v '(BASH_VERSINFO|PIPESTATUS|GROUPS)' export rv #set x[4]=bbb x=abde echo $x echo ${x[0]} echo ${x[4]} echo efgh | ( read x[1] ; echo ${x[1]} ) echo wxyz | ( declare -a x ; read x ; echo $x ; echo ${x[0]} ) # Make sure that arrays can be used to save the positional paramters verbatim set -- a 'b c' d 'e f g' h ARGV=( [0]=$0 "$@" ) for z in "${ARGV[@]}" do echo "$z" done echo "$0" for z in "$@" do echo "$z" done # do various pattern removal and length tests XPATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/usr/local/bin:.:/sbin:/usr/sbin xpath=( $( IFS=: ; echo $XPATH ) ) echo ${xpath[@]} echo ${xpath[@]##*/} echo ${xpath[0]##*/} echo ${xpath[@]%%[!/]*} echo ${xpath[0]%%[!/]*} recho ${xpath##*/} recho ${xpath%%[!/]*} recho ${xpath[5]##*/} recho ${xpath[5]%%[!/]*} # let's try to make it a DOS-style path zecho "${xpath[@]/\//\\}" zecho "${xpath[@]//\//\\}" zecho "${xpath[@]//[\/]/\\}" # length of the first element of the array, since array without subscript # is equivalent to referencing first element echo ${#xpath} -- ${#xpath[0]} # number of elements in the array nelem=${#xpath[@]} echo ${#xpath[@]} -- $nelem # total length of all elements in the array, including space separators xx="${xpath[*]}" echo ${#xx} # total length of all elements in the array xx=$( IFS='' ; echo "${xpath[*]}" ) echo ${#xx} unset xpath[nelem-1] nelem=${#xpath[@]} echo ${#xpath[@]} -- $nelem # arrays and things that look like index assignments array=(42 [1]=14 [2]=44) array2=(grep [ 123 ] \*) echo ${array[@]} echo "${array2[@]}" # arrays and implicit arithmetic evaluation declare -i -a iarray iarray=( 2+4 1+6 7+2 ) echo ${iarray[@]} iarray[4]=4+1 echo ${iarray[@]} # make sure assignment using the compound assignment syntax removes all # of the old elements from the array value barray=(old1 old2 old3 old4 old5) barray=(new1 new2 new3) echo "length = ${#barray[@]}" echo "value = ${barray[*]}" # make sure the array code behaves correctly with respect to unset variables set -u ( echo ${#narray[4]} ) # some old bugs and ksh93 compatibility tests set +u cd /tmp touch 1=bar foo=([10]="bar") echo ${foo[0]} rm 1=bar foo=(a b c d e f g) echo ${foo[@]} # quoted reserved words are ok foo=(\for \case \if \then \else) echo ${foo[@]} # quoted metacharacters are ok foo=( [1]='<>' [2]='<' [3]='>' [4]='!' ) echo ${foo[@]} # numbers are just words when not in a redirection context foo=( 12 14 16 18 20 ) echo ${foo[@]} foo=( 4414758999202 ) echo ${foo[@]} # this was a bug in all versions of bash 2.x up to and including bash-2.04 declare -a ddd=(aaa bbb) echo ${ddd[@]} # errors until post-bash-2.05a; now reserved words are OK foo=(a b c for case if then else) foo=(for case if then else) # errors metas=( <> < > ! ) metas=( [1]=<> [2]=< [3]=> [4]=! ) # various expansions that didn't really work right until post-bash-2.04 foo='abc' echo ${foo[0]} ${#foo[0]} echo ${foo[1]} ${#foo[1]} echo ${foo[@]} ${#foo[@]} echo ${foo[*]} ${#foo[*]} foo='' echo ${foo[0]} ${#foo[0]} echo ${foo[1]} ${#foo[1]} echo ${foo[@]} ${#foo[@]} echo ${foo[*]} ${#foo[*]}